Gifts of the Muse Reframing the Debate about

This study offers a new framework for understanding how the arts create private and public value, highlights the importance of the arts intrinsic benefits and indentifies how both instrumental and instrinsic benefits are created.

Preface

iii

Figures

ix

Summary

xi

Acknowledgments

xix

Introduction

1

(6)

Study Approach

2

(3)

Report Overview

5

(2)

Instrumental Benefits: What Research Tells Us---And What It Does Not

7

(14)

Cognitive Benefits

8

(2)

Types of Benefits and Populations Studied

8

(1)

Types of Arts Involvement

8

(1)

Methods

9

(1)

Attitudinal and Behavioral Benefits

10

(2)

Types of Benefits and Populations Studied

10

(1)

Types of Arts Involvement

11

(1)

Methods

12

(1)

Health Benefits

12

(2)

Types of Benefits and Populations Studied

12

(1)

Types of Arts Involvement

13

(1)

Methods

13

(1)

Community-Level Social Benefits

14

(2)

Types of Benefits

14

(1)

Types of Arts Involvement

15

(1)

Methods

15

(1)

Economic Benefits

16

(3)

Types of Benefits

16

(1)

Methods

17

(2)

Evaluation of the Literature

19

(2)

Instrumental Benefits: Getting More Specific

21

(16)

Creating Benefits to Individuals

21

(7)

Arts-Rich School Environment and Associated Benefits

23

(1)

Arts Used as Pedagogical Tool and Associated Benefits

24

(1)

Arts as a Means of Teaching Non-Arts Subjects

25

(1)

Direct Instruction in the Arts and Associated Benefits

26

(2)

Creating Benefits to Communities

28

(5)

Social Benefits

28

(3)

Economic Benefits: Why They Are a Special Case

31

(2)

Conclusions

33

(4)

Individual-Level Benefits

33

(1)

Community-Level Benefits

34

(3)

Intrinsic Benefits: The Missing Link

37

(16)

Approach

38

(1)

Art as a Communicative Experience

39

(4)

What the Artist Conveys

43

(1)

Aesthetic Experience and Its Intrinsic Benefits

44

(8)

Immediate Intrinsic Benefits Inherent in the Arts Experience

45

(2)

Expansion of Individual Capacities

47

(3)

Contributions to the Public Sphere

50

(2)

Conclusion

52

(1)

The Process of Arts Participation: How It Relates to Benefits

53

(14)

Gateway Experiences

53

(2)

Transforming Occasional into Frequent Participants

55

(1)

High Levels of Engagement: The Key to Frequent Participation

56

(2)

Modeling the Decisionmaking Process

58

(5)

Shaping Perceptions and Inclinations: Background Factors and Early Arts Experiences

60

(1)

From Practical Considerations to the Arts Experience

61

(1)

Key Determinants of Arts Participation Decisions for Frequent Participants

62

(1)

Cumulative Effects of Arts Participation

63

(2)

Bottom Line

65

(2)

Conclusions and Implications

67

(8)

Problems with the Current Policy Approach

67

(2)

Problems with Instrumental Arguments

67

(1)

Insufficient Emphasis on Intrinsic Benefits

68

(1)

Undue Emphasis on Arts Supply and Financial Support

68

(1)

A New Approach

69

(2)

A Broader View of the Public Benefits of the Arts

69

(1)

The Central Role of Intrinsic Benefits in Arts Participation

70

(1)

Factors Behind Sustained Arts Involvement

70

(1)

Policy Implications

71

(1)

Recommendations

72

(3)

Appendix Review of the Theoretical Research

75

(18)

Bibliography

93

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Gifts of the Muse Reframing the Debate about the Benefits of the Arts

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials