Glaciers, Sea Ice, and Ice Formation

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ISBN: 9781615301195 | 1615301194
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/15/2010

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The ice that many people associate with winter months and seasonal cooling is actually only one form that this versatile substance can take. As fixtures throughout the year in areas around the world, especially in the Arctic and Antarctic, glaciers and sea ice are vital to sustaining aquatic ecosystems and regulating ocean water temperature. Permafrost, a type of ground ice, dramatically affects the infrastructure and agricultural output of several communities around the world. The development of these varying formations and the interplay between them and the environment are thoughtfully considered in this fascinating volume.

Introduction	p. 12
Ice on Planet Earth	p. 21
The Water Molecule	p. 21
The Ice Crystal	p. 23
Hoarfrost and Rime	p. 24
Mechanical Properties	p. 25
Thermal Properties	p. 26
Optical Properties	p. 27
Electromagnetic Properties	p. 27
Ice Ages	p. 28
Permafrost	p. 29
The Origin and Stability of Permafrost	p. 30
Air Temperature and Ground Temperature	p. 31
Climatic Change	p. 32
Permafrost Distribution In the Northern Hemisphere	p. 33
The Local Thickness of Permafrost	p. 34
The Effects of Climate	p. 35
The Effects of Water Bodies	p. 35
The Effects of Solar Radiation, Vegetation, and Snow Cover	p. 36
Types of Ground Ice	p. 37
Ice Wedges	p. 39
Active Wedges, Inactive Wedges, and Ice-Wedge Casts	p. 40
Surface Manifestations of Permafrost and Seasonally Frozen Ground	p. 41
Polygonal Ground	p. 42
Thermokarst Formations	p. 43
Pingos	p. 44
Patterned Ground	p. 45
Soil Flow	p. 46
The Study of Permafrost	p. 47
Problems Posed by Permafrost	p. 48
Permafrost Engineering	p. 48
Development in Permafrost Areas	p. 50
Ice in Lakes and Rivers	p. 53
The Seasonal Cycle	p. 53
Ice Formation in Lakes	p. 54
Nucleation of Ice Crystals	p. 56
The Effects of Wind Mixing	p. 57
The Rates of Growth	p. 58
Variations in Ice Structure	p. 60
Ice Decay	p. 61
Thinning and Rotting	p. 61
Melting	p. 62
The Geographic Distribution of Lake Ice	p. 63
Ice Formation in Rivers	p. 64
Accumulating Ice Cover	p. 65
Growth of Fixed Ice Cover	p. 67
Ice Buildups	p. 67
Decay and Ice Jams	p. 69
River Ice Modification	p. 70
The Geographic Distribution of River Ice	p. 72
Glaciers and Ice Sheets	p. 74
The Formation and Characteristics of Glacier Ice	p. 76
Mass Balance	p. 78
Heat or Energy Balance	p. 80
Glacier Flow	p. 81
Mountain Glaciers and Other Smaller Ice Masses	p. 84
Classification of Mountain Glaciers	p. 84
Surface Features	p. 86
Mass Balance of Mountain Glaciers	p. 88
The Flow of Mountain Glaciers	p. 90
Crevasse	p. 91
Glacier Hydrology	p. 92
Glacier Floods	p. 93
Glacier Surges	p. 94
Tidewater Glaciers	p. 95
Rock Glacier	p. 96
The Great Ice Sheets	p. 97
The Antarctic Ice Sheet	p. 97
The Greenland Ice Sheet	p. 99
Accumulation and Ablation of the Ice Sheets	p. 102
Net Mass Balance	p. 105
The Flow of the Ice Sheets	p. 107
Ross Ice Shelf	p. 108
The Information from Deep Cores	p. 110
The Response of Glaciers to Climatic Change	p. 113
Glaciers and Sea Level	p. 114
Glacial Landforms	p. 116
General Considerations	p. 116
Glaciers and Topography	p. 116
Glacial Erosion	p. 118
Glacial Deposition	p. 121
Erosional Landforms	p. 124
Small-Scale Features of Glacial Erosion	p. 124
Rock Polish	p. 124
Striations	p. 125
P-Forms and Glacial Grooves	p. 126
The Erosional Landforms of Valley Glaciers	p. 126
Cirques, Tarns, U-shaped Valleys, Arêtes, and Horns	p. 127
Hanging Valleys	p. 130
Paternoster Lakes	p. 130
Roches Moutonnées	p. 131
Rock Drumlins	p. 131
The Erosional Landforms of Continental Glaciers	p. 131
Depositional Landforms	p. 135
The Depositional Landforms of Valley Glaciers	p. 136
Moraines	p. 136
Flutes	p. 137
The Depositional Landforms of Continental Glaciers	p. 137
Meltwater Deposits	p. 138
Glaciofluvial Deposits	p. 139
Glaciolacustrine Deposits	p. 141
Periglacial Landforms	p. 143
Felsenmeers, Talus, and Rock Glaciers	p. 143
Icebergs and Sea Ice	p. 145
Icebergs	p. 145
The Origin of Antarctic Icebergs	p. 145
The Origin of Arctic Icebergs	p. 148
Iceberg Structure	p. 150
Iceberg Size and Shape	p. 153
Erosion and Melting	p. 155
The Distribution of Icebergs and Their Drift Trajectories	p. 157
Iceberg Scour and Sediment Transport	p. 162
The Climatic Impacts of Icebergs	p. 165
The Impacts on Ice Sheets and Sea Level	p. 165
The Impact on Ocean Structure	p. 166
Iceberg Detection, Tracking, and Management	p. 168
Sea Ice	p. 170
Ice Salinity, Temperature, and Ecological Interactions	p. 171
Sea Ice Formation and Features	p. 172
Pack Ice Drift and Thickness	p. 176
Sea Ice and its Interactions with the Oceans, Atmosphere, and Climate	p. 177
The Emerging Impacts of Recent Changes to Sea Ice	p. 179
The Arctic and Antarctic	p. 182
The Arctic	p. 182
Continental Ice Sheets of the Past	p. 183
Terrain	p. 186
Drainage and Soils	p. 189
Present-Day Glaciation	p. 191
Glacier Groups	p. 193
Climate	p. 196
The Arctic Ocean	p. 201
Oceanography	p. 202
Sea Ice in the Arctic Ocean	p. 206
Antarctica	p. 208
Physical Features	p. 211
Antarctic Glaciation	p. 213
The Surrounding Seas	p. 217
Climate	p. 220
The Power of Ice	p. 224
Appendix: Significant Glaciers, Ice Sheets, and Ice Shelves	p. 226
Amery Ice Shelf	p. 226
Beardmore Glacier	p. 226
Filchner Ice Shelf	p. 227
Larsen Ice Shelf	p. 227
Laurentide Ice Sheet	p. 228
Ronne Ice Shelf	p. 229
Shackleton Ice Shelf	p. 229
Skelton Glacier	p. 230
Wilkins Ice Shelf	p. 230
Glossary	p. 232
Bibliography	p. 235
Index	p. 246
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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