Global Biogeochemical Cycles
, by Butcher, Samuel S.; Charlson, R. J.; Orians, Gordon H.; Wolfe, G. V.; Butcher, Samuel S.
- ISBN: 9780121476854 | 0121476855
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 6/1/1992
| Authors | |
| Preface | |
| Introduction | |
| An Approach to the Subject | p. 1 |
| This Text | p. 5 |
| The Origin and Early Evolution of the Earth | p. 9 |
| The Origin of the Elements | p. 9 |
| The Origin of the Solar System | p. 14 |
| Condensation | p. 15 |
| Accretion of the Planets | p. 18 |
| Early Evolution of the Earth | p. 19 |
| Evolution and the Biosphere | p. 21 |
| Origin and Evolution of Life | p. 21 |
| The Machinery of Life | p. 29 |
| The Functional Types of Molecules Produced by Living Organisms and Their Biogeochemical Significance | p. 42 |
| The Ecological Organization of the Living World | p. 46 |
| Overview of Major Biogeochemical Transformations | p. 49 |
| Modeling Biogeochemical Cycles | p. 55 |
| Introductory Remarks | p. 55 |
| Reservoir Models and Cycles: Some Definitions | p. 56 |
| Time-scales and Single Reservoir Systems | p. 57 |
| Coupled Reservoirs | p. 61 |
| Coupled Cycles | p. 66 |
| Note on Transport Processes | p. 66 |
| Note on Times of Mixing in the Atmosphere and Oceans | p. 70 |
| Equilibrium, Rate, and Natural Systems | p. 73 |
| Thermodynamics | p. 73 |
| Oxidation and Reduction | p. 77 |
| Chemical Kinetics | p. 82 |
| Non-equilibrium Natural Systems | p. 86 |
| Tectonic Processes, Continental Freeboard, and the Rate-controlling Step for Continental Denudation | p. 93 |
| Erosion: A Capsule Summary | p. 94 |
| Soils and the Local Weathering Environment | p. 96 |
| Slope Processes and the Susceptibility of Lithologies to Erosion | p. 98 |
| Landforms, Tectonism, Sea Level, and Erosion | p. 103 |
| Erosion in Tectonically Active Areas | p. 108 |
| Erosion of the Cratons | p. 111 |
| The Effects of Transients: Continental Ice Sheets | p. 115 |
| Pedosphere | p. 123 |
| The Soil Constituents | p. 126 |
| Weathering and Soil-forming Processes | p. 134 |
| Soil and Biogeochemical Cycles | p. 145 |
| Sediments: Their Interaction with Biogeochemical Cycles through Formation and Diagenesis | p. 155 |
| Weathering and Formation of Sediments | p. 155 |
| The Structure of Sediments | p. 157 |
| Physicochemical Processes in Sediments | p. 160 |
| Transformation of Organic and Inorganic Material | p. 165 |
| The Oceans | p. 175 |
| What is the Ocean? | p. 175 |
| Ocean Circulation | p. 178 |
| Biological Processes | p. 187 |
| Chemistry of the Oceans | p. 193 |
| The Atmosphere | p. 213 |
| Definition | p. 213 |
| The Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere | p. 213 |
| Vertical Motions, Relative Humidity, and Clouds | p. 217 |
| The Ozone Layer and the Stratosphere | p. 217 |
| Horizontal Motions, Atmospheric Transport, and Dispersion | p. 218 |
| Composition | p. 223 |
| Atmospheric Water and Cloud Microphysics | p. 224 |
| Trace Atmospheric Constituents | p. 226 |
| Chemical Interactions of Trace Atmospheric Constituents | p. 230 |
| Physical Transformations of Trace Substances in the Atmosphere | p. 233 |
| Influence of Atmospheric Composition on Climate | p. 234 |
| Chemical Processes and Exchanges at the Lower and Upper Boundaries of the Atmosphere | p. 235 |
| The Global Carbon Cycle | p. 239 |
| The Isotopes of Carbon | p. 240 |
| The Major Reservoirs of Carbon | p. 241 |
| Fluxes of Carbon between Reservoirs | p. 249 |
| Models of the Carbon Cycle | p. 253 |
| Trends in the Carbon Cycle | p. 254 |
| The Nitrogen Cycle | p. 263 |
| Chemistry | p. 263 |
| Biological Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds | p. 266 |
| Abiotic Processes | p. 270 |
| The Global Nitrogen Cycle | p. 273 |
| The Sulfur Cycle | p. 285 |
| Oxidation States of Sulfur | p. 285 |
| Sulfur Reservoirs | p. 288 |
| The Atmospheric Cycle of Sulfur | p. 288 |
| The Hydrospheric Cycle of Sulfur | p. 295 |
| The Phosphorus Cycle | p. 301 |
| Occurrence of Phosphorus | p. 301 |
| Sub-global Phosphorus Cycles | p. 304 |
| The Global Phosphorus Cycle | p. 308 |
| Trace Metals | p. 317 |
| Metals and Geochemistry | p. 317 |
| An Overview of Metal Ion Chemistry | p. 322 |
| Observations of Metals in Natural Systems | p. 338 |
| Examples of Global Metal Cycling | p. 341 |
| Human Modification of Global Biogeochemical Cycles | p. 353 |
| Glossary | p. 363 |
| Answers to Questions | p. 365 |
| Index | p. 367 |
| Table of Contents provided by Blackwell. All Rights Reserved. |
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