Going Public

Presidents are uniquely positioned to promote themselves and their polices directly to the public. Using sympathetic crowds as a backdrop, a president can rally public opinion to his side, along the way delivering a subtle yet unmistakable message to his intended audience in Congress. Samuel Kernell shows how &BAD:"going public&BAD:" remains a potent weapon in the president&BAD:rs"s arsenal, both for advancing his own agenda and blocking initiatives from his political adversaries in Congress.In his highly anticipated fourth edition, Kernell delivers thorough analysis and detailed background on how this strategy continues to evolve given the intense polarization of Congress and the electorate as well as changes in communications technology. He considers the implications of both factors&BAD:-especially in combination&BAD:-on the future of presidential leadership and weighs the lessons of 9/11 on &BAD:"going public&BAD:" in foreign affairs.

Samuel Kernell is professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego

Preface	p. x
Introduction: Going Public in Theory and Practice	p. 1
Presidential Theory	p. 2
Presidential Practice	p. 4
Ronald Reagan Enlists Public Opinion as a Lever	p. 5
President Clinton Snares Himself by Bargaining	p. 7
How Washington Has Changed	p. 10
Institutionalized Pluralism: The Bargaining Community	p. 11
Protocoalitions	p. 15
The President's Place in Institutionalized Pluralism	p. 16
Bargaining Techniques	p. 17
Public Opinion and Institutionalized Pluralism	p. 19
Public Opinion and Bargaining Presidents	p. 21
Two Early Cases of Going Public	p. 27
Individualized Pluralism: The Modern Washington Community	p. 29
From Institutionalized to Individualized Pluralism	p. 33
Institutional Arrangements in Congress	p. 34
Going Public and Individualized Pluralism	p. 38
The Calculus of Those Who Deal with the President	p. 39
The President's Calculus	p. 40
How the Politicians Entering Washington Have Changed: Outsiders and Divided Government	p. 48
Presidential Selection Reforms: Outsiders in the White House	p. 49
How the Reforms Changed Presidential Nominations	p. 50
Outsiders as Presidents	p. 56
The Politics of Divided Government	p. 58
Going Public as an Electoral Strategy	p. 60
Truman Spurns Cooperation and Succeeds	p. 61
Veto Rhetoric	p. 62
President Bush Cooperates and Fails	p. 65
Bill Clinton Becomes Trumanesque	p. 67
Conclusion	p. 71
The President and the Press	p. 74
The Bargaining President and the Press	p. 76
Emergence of the Washington Press as an Institution	p. 78
Early Professionalization	p. 78
Early Presidential-Press Relations	p. 82
Early Competition and Collective Interests	p. 86
The FDR System: Hard News, Openly Conveyed	p. 87
Transition from the FDR System	p. 90
Press Relations under Truman and Eisenhower	p. 92
The Kennedy System: Press Relations in an Era of Direct Communication	p. 94
The Kennedy Press Conference	p. 94
The Local Press and the Private Interview	p. 98
The Kennedy System as a Model for Presidents Who Go Public	p. 99
The Modern Trajectory of Presidential-Press Relations	p. 103
The Growth of Going Public	p. 110
Trends in Going Public	p. 114
Public Addresses	p. 115
Public Appearances	p. 123
Political Travel	p. 125
The Incremental Growth of Going Public	p. 128
Incremental Growth as a Function of Technology	p. 130
Incremental Growth as a Function of Politics	p. 133
Political Forces Opposing Growth in Going Public	p. 134
What Technology Giveth, Technology Taketh Away	p. 138
Conclusion	p. 141
President Reagan and His First Three Budgets: A Classic Case of Going Public in Action	p. 148
Reagan as an Outsider	p. 149
Reagan's Three Budgets	p. 151
Budget Politics in 1981	p. 152
Budget Politics in 1982	p. 160
Budget Politics in 1983	p. 166
Going Public and Leadership: The Lessons of Reagan's Budgets	p. 173
Dependence of Policy on Popularity	p. 174
Governing as Campaigning	p. 175
Opinion Leadership and Foreign Affairs	p. 183
Rally Events and Presidential Approval	p. 186
Rally Events and Leadership in Washington	p. 188
Rally Events, Approval, and Opinion Leadership	p. 191
The Truman Doctrine Speech: A Case Study	p. 195
The Speech	p. 195
Public Familiarity with the Speech	p. 199
Effects of the Speech on Public Opinion	p. 200
Anticommunism as a Basis of Truman's Opinion Leadership	p. 206
Conclusion	p. 211
Present and Future Prospects for Going Public	p. 215
Resurgent Political Parties	p. 215
Declining Effectiveness of National Addresses	p. 216
Two Heroic Failures	p. 218
Clinton's Health Care Reform	p. 219
Bush's Social Security Reform	p. 221
The Potential for Pathology	p. 227
Mistaking Bad News for Bias	p. 228
Pandering	p. 229
Conclusion	p. 234
Index	p. 237
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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