Governing the Bomb Civilian Control and

'Go nuclear' or 'go zero'--as the international community stands at a nuclear crossroads, a number of questions demand urgent attention: How do established and emerging nuclear-armed states manage their nuclear affairs? Who commands and controls a country's nuclear forces? What effect does the balance between secrecy and openness have on larger questions of security and democracy? Governing Nuclear Weaponsis grounded in the belief that the public's ability to hold nuclear-armed states accountable for the security of their weapons is contingent on proper knowledge of domestic nuclear governance. With a special emphasis on civilian control and democratic accountability, it seeks to illuminate the structures and processes of nuclear weapons governance of eight nuclear-armed states: China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US, as well as India, Israel, and Pakistan. It examines the theoretical as well as practical functions and structures of those who possess the power to make nuclear decisions and those who have the practical means and physical opportunity to execute those decisions. While the book assesses the whole spectrum of political oversight and control mechanisms in operation for each country--including the roles and requirements of the executive, the military and specialized civilian institutions--it also takes a closer look at parliamentary institutions and civil society at large. As nuclear terrorism, proliferation and disarmament vie for the top slot on the global security agenda, a comparative understanding of the various national nuclear discourses is no longer optional, but required.

Hans Born (The Netherlands) heads the DCAF's Parliamentary and Legal Programmes. Born is an Executive Board Member of the European Research Group of Military and Society and in this capacity he coordinates research in civil-military relations in Europe. Additionally, he is guest lecturer at the Swiss Federal Institute for Technology in Zurich and at the United Nations Fellowship Programme in Geneva. He is a Faculty Member of the ETH Zurich Master of Advanced Studies on Security Policy and Crisis Management. Hans Born received a MA degree in Public Administration from Twente University in Enschede, The Netherlands and a PhD in Social Sciences from the University of Brabant in Tilburg.

Bates Gill (USA) is director of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Prior to being named the SIPRI director in 2007, Gill held the Freeman Chair in China Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC, from 2002. He has previously held positions at the Brookings Institution, where he was the inaugural Director of the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, and at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies of the Monterey Institute of International Studies. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and has consulted for a number of multinational corporations and government agencies. Gill received his PhD in Foreign Affairs from the University of Virginia.

Heiner Hanggi (Switzerland) is Assistant Director and Head of Research at the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). He is also an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of St. Gallen (Switzerland) and an Associate Fellow at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP). His recent research and publications focus on the concepts of security sector reform and security governance in post-conflict peacebuilding. Most recently, he has been working with the UN and member states on the development of a UN policy for security sector reform. He is also assisting the Inter-parliamentary Forum on Security Sector Governance (IPF-SSG) in Southeast Asia and the Thai Study Group on Good Governance of the Security Sector.

Preface	p. viii
Abbreviations	p. x
Introduction	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Studying domestic governance of nuclear weapons	p. 2
The concept of security sector governance	p. 8
Security sector governance and nuclear weapons	p. 11
Key actors in domestic nuclear weapon governance	p. 17
Linking governance actors and the nuclear weapon cycle	p. 23
Security-related state and non-state institutions and bodies	p. 10
A system of multilayered security sector governance	p. 12
Possible roles of key actors in domestic nuclear weapon governance	p. 18
Key governance actors and their possible roles in the nuclear weapon cycle	p. 20
The United States	p. 25
Introduction	p. 25
Constitutional and political background	p. 25
Nuclear strategy	p. 30
Nuclear force structure	p. 37
Nuclear operations	p. 42
Conclusions	p. 48
Russia	p. 51
Introduction	p. 51
Historical background of nuclear weapon control and policymaking	p. 52
Nuclear governance since 1991	p. 56
Nuclear force structure and oversight	p. 66
Contemporary policy and future policy alternatives	p. 69
Conclusions	p. 74
The United Kingdom	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
The United Kingdom and nuclear weapons	p. 78
The structure and processes of British nuclear weapon governance	p. 85
International factors involved in the governance of British nuclear weapons	p. 98
Conclusions	p. 100
France	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
The birth of the 'nuclear monarchy'	p. 104
The French nuclear 'priesthood'	p. 108
The French national consensus	p. 121
Conclusions	p. 126
China	p. 128
Introduction	p. 128
Key actors and their relations	p. 129
Nuclear force structure and doctrine	p. 134
Assessing civilian control	p. 138
Conclusions	p. 150
Israel	p. 152
Introduction	p. 152
A brief history of Israeli civilian nuclear control	p. 154
The political culture of nuclear opacity	p. 158
Auditing, oversight and accountability	p. 165
Conclusions	p. 168
India	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Historical overview	p. 172
Key actors	p. 181
Divided control and its limits	p. 190
Conclusions	p. 192
Pakistan	p. 195
Introduction	p. 195
The South Asian security context	p. 195
Nuclear posture, policy and doctrine	p. 199
Nuclear infrastructure	p. 203
Civilian actors and nuclear decision making	p. 211
Conclusions	p. 213
Conclusions	p. 215
Introduction	p. 215
Domestic nuclear weapon governance in possessor states	p. 215
Comparing domestic nuclear weapon governance	p. 224
Findings and recommendations	p. 227
World nuclear forces, 2010	p. 234
World nuclear forces, January 2010	p. 234
About the authors	p. 235
Index	p. 239
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Governing the Bomb Civilian Control and Democratic Accountability of Nuclear Weapons

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