Government in America : People, Politics, and Policy

, by Edwards, George C.; Wattenberg, Martin P.; Lineberry, Robert L.

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ISBN: 9780321411006 | 0321411005
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/2008

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With an emphasis on public policy, and through the use of its resonant "politics matters" theme, Government in America, Brief Ninth Edition, illustrates the impact that government has on the daily lives of each and every American, motivates students to become active participants in all aspects of our political system, and overcomes apathy toward American government. The Brief Ninth Edition contains all the information included in the comprehensive version, in a more compact form for ease of use.

Preface	p. xv
Tools for Understanding Government in America	p. xxviii
About the Authors	p. xxxvii
Introducing Government in America	p. 1
Government	p. 7
Politics	p. 9
The Policymaking System	p. 9
People Shape Policy	p. 9
Policies Impact People	p. 11
Democracy	p. 12
Defining Democracy	p. 12
Traditional Democratic Theory	p. 13
Three Contemporary Theories of American Democracy	p. 14
Challenges to Democracy	p. 15
American Political Culture and Democracy	p. 17
A Culture War?	p. 19
Preview Questions About Democracy	p. 20
The Scope of Government in America	p. 21
How Active Is American Government?	p. 21
Preview Questions About the Scope of Government	p. 22
Summary	p. 24
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The Constitution	p. 27
The Origins of the Constitution	p. 29
The Road to Revolution	p. 29
Declaring Independence	p. 30
The English Heritage: The Power of Ideas	p. 31
Jefferson's Handiwork: The American Creed	p. 32
Winning Independence	p. 32
The "Conservative" Revolution	p. 34
The Government That Failed: 1776-1787	p. 34
The Articles of Confederation	p. 34
Changes in the States	p. 35
Economic Turmoil	p. 36
Shays' Rebellion	p. 36
The Aborted Annapolis Meeting	p. 36
Making a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention	p. 37
Gentlemen in Philadelphia	p. 37
Philosophy into Action	p. 37
The Agenda in Philadelphia	p. 39
The Equality Issues	p. 39
The Economic Issues	p. 41
The Individual Rights Issues	p. 43
The Madisonian Model	p. 44
Thwarting Tyranny of the Majority	p. 44
The Constitutional Republic	p. 46
The End of the Beginning	p. 48
Ratifying the Constitution	p. 48
Federalists and Anti-Federalists	p. 48
Ratification	p. 51
Constitutional Change	p. 52
The Formal Amending Process	p. 52
The Informal Process of Constitutional Change	p. 54
In Focus: John Marshall and the Growth of Judicial Review	p. 55
How You Can Make a Difference: Birthright Citizenship	p. 56
The Importance of Flexibility	p. 57
A Generation of Change: The War on Terrorism	p. 58
Understanding the Constitution	p. 59
The Constitution and Democracy	p. 59
Young People and Politics: Lowering the Voting Age	p. 60
The Constitution and the Scope of Government	p. 61
Summary	p. 62
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Federalism	p. 65
Defining Federalism	p. 67
What Is Federalism?	p. 67
Why Is Federalism So Important?	p. 68
The Constitutional Basis of Federalism	p. 69
How You Can Make a Difference: Federalism	p. 70
The Division of Power	p. 70
Establishing National Supremacy	p. 73
States' Obligations to Each Other	p. 76
Intergovernmental Relations Today	p. 78
From Dual to Cooperative Federalism	p. 78
Young People and Politics: Federal Support for Colleges and Universities	p. 80
A Generation of Change: Principles versus Pragmatism	p. 82
Fiscal Federalism	p. 83
Understanding Federalism	p. 88
Federalism and Democracy	p. 88
You Are the Policymaker: Should Whether You Live Depend on Where You Live?	p. 90
Federalism and the Scope of the National Government	p. 91
Summary	p. 94
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Civil Liberties	p. 97
The Bill of Rights-Then and Now	p. 99
The Bill of Rights and the States	p. 100
Freedom of Religion	p. 101
The Establishment Clause	p. 102
The Free Exercise Clause	p. 104
You Are the Judge: The Case of Animal Sacrifices	p. 106
Freedom of Expression	p. 107
Prior Restraint	p. 108
You Are the Judge: The Case of the Purloined Pentagon Papers	p. 109
Free Speech and Public Order	p. 109
How You Can Make a Difference: Free Speech on Campus	p. 110
Free Press and Fair Trials	p. 111
Obscenity	p. 112
You Are the Judge: The Case of the Drive-in Theater	p. 115
Libel and Slander	p. 115
Symbolic Speech	p. 116
Commercial Speech	p. 117
Regulation of the Public Airwaves	p. 117
Freedom of Assembly	p. 118
Right to Assemble	p. 118
Right to Associate	p. 119
You Are the Judge: The Case of the Nazis' March in Skokie	p. 119
Defendants' Rights	p. 120
Interpreting Defendants' Rights	p. 121
Searches and Seizures	p. 122
You Are the Judge: The Case of Ms. Montoya	p. 124
Self-Incrimination	p. 125
You Are the Judge: The Case of the Dirty Old Man	p. 126
The Right to Counsel	p. 126
Trials	p. 127
Cruel and Unusual Punishment	p. 128
You Are the Judge: The Case of the First Offender	p. 129
Young People and Politics: College Students Help Prevent Wrongful Deaths	p. 130
The Right to Privacy	p. 130
A Generation of Change: Contesting the Death Penalty	p. 131
Is There a Right to Privacy?	p. 131
Controversy over Abortion	p. 132
Understanding Civil Liberties	p. 134
Civil Liberties and Democracy	p. 134
Civil Liberties and the Scope of Government	p. 135
Summary	p. 135
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Civil Rights	p. 139
Racial Equality: Two Centuries of Struggle	p. 141
Conceptions of Equality	p. 141
Early American Views of Equality	p. 142
The Constitution and Inequality	p. 142
Race, the Constitution, and Public Policy	p. 144
The Era of Slavery	p. 145
The Era of Reconstruction and Resegregation	p. 146
The Era of Civil Rights	p. 146
Young People and Politics: Freedom Riders	p. 150
Getting and Using the Right to Vote	p. 150
Other Minority Groups	p. 153
Women, the Constitution, and Public Policy	p. 157
The Battle for the Vote	p. 158
The "Doldrums": 1920-1960	p. 158
The Second Feminist Wave	p. 159
How You Can Make a Difference: Gender Discrimination	p. 161
Women in the Workplace	p. 161
Wage Discrimination and Comparable Worth	p. 162
Women in the Military	p. 163
Sexual Harassment	p. 164
You Are the Judge: Is Male-Only Draft Registration Gender Discrimination?	p. 165
Newly Active Groups Under the Civil Rights Umbrella	p. 166
Civil Rights and the Graying of America	p. 166
Civil Rights and People with Disabilities	p. 167
Gay and Lesbian Rights	p. 169
A Generation of Change: Discrimination Against Homosexuals	p. 169
Affirmative Action	p. 171
You Are the Judge: The Case of the Santa Clara Dispatcher	p. 173
Understanding Civil Rights and Public Policy	p. 175
Civil Rights and Democracy	p. 175
Civil Rights and the Scope of Government	p. 175
Summary	p. 176
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Public Opinion and Political Action	p. 179
The American People	p. 181
The Immigrant Society	p. 181
The American Melting Pot	p. 182
The Regional Shift	p. 184
You Are the Policymaker: Do We Need to Get Tougher with Illegal Immigrants?	p. 185
The Graying of America	p. 187
How Americans Learn About Politics: Political Socialization	p. 187
Measuring Public Opinion and Political Information	p. 189
How Polls Are Conducted	p. 190
The Role of Polls in American Democracy	p. 191
What Polls Reveal About Americans' Political Information	p. 193
What Americans Value: Political Ideologies	p. 195
Who Are the Liberals and Conservatives?	p. 195
Young People and Politics: How Younger and Older Americans Compare on the Issues	p. 196
Do People Think in Ideological Terms?	p. 198
A Generation of Change: Attitudes Toward Gays and Lesbians by Political Ideology	p. 200
How Americans Participate in Politics	p. 201
Conventional Participation	p. 201
Protest as Participation	p. 202
Class, Inequality, and Participation	p. 203
How You Can Make a Difference: Political Participation	p. 204
Understanding Public Opinion and Political Action	p. 205
Public Attitudes Toward the Scope of Government	p. 206
Democracy, Public Opinion, and Political Action	p. 206
Summary	p. 207
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The Mass Media and the Political Agenda	p. 210
The Mass Media Today	p. 212
The Development of Media Politics	p. 213
The Print Media	p. 215
The Broadcast Media	p. 216
Government Regulation of the Broadcast Media	p. 217
A Generation of Change: How Network News Broadcasts Are Going the Way of the Dinosaurs	p. 218
From Broadcasting to Narrowcasting: The Rise of Cable News Channels	p. 219
Young People and Politics: How the Under-30 Crowd Learns from Different Media Sources	p. 220
The Impact of the Internet	p. 221
How You Can Make a Difference: The Internet and the Media	p. 223
Private Control of the Media	p. 223
Reporting the News	p. 224
Finding the News	p. 225
Presenting the News	p. 226
You Are the Policymaker: Should the Networks Have to Provide Free Air Time to Presidential Candidates?	p. 228
Bias in the News	p. 230
The News and Public Opinion	p. 230
The Media's Agenda-Setting Function	p. 232
Understanding the Mass Media	p. 233
The Media and the Scope of Government	p. 233
Individualism and the Media	p. 234
Democracy and the Media	p. 235
Summary	p. 235
Internet Resources
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For Further Reading
Political Parties	p. 238
The Meaning of Party	p. 239
Tasks of the Parties	p. 241
Parties, Voters, and Policy: The Downs Model	p. 242
The Party in the Electorate	p. 242
Young People and Politics: The Parties Face an Independent Youth	p. 244
The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington	p. 245
Local Parties	p. 245
The 50 State Party Systems	p. 246
How You Can Make a Difference: Political Parties	p. 247
The National Party Organizations	p. 248
The Party in Government: Promises and Policy	p. 248
Party Eras in American History	p. 251
1796-1824: The First Party System	p. 252
1828-1856: Jackson and the Democrats versus the Whigs	p. 252
1860-1928: The Two Republican Eras	p. 253
1932-1964: The New Deal Coalition	p. 254
1968-Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government	p. 256
A Generation of Change: Realignment in the South	p. 256
Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics	p. 257
In Focus: Multiparty Systems in Other Countries	p. 259
Understanding Political Parties	p. 260
Democracy and Responsible Party Government	p. 260
American Political Parties and the Scope of Government	p. 262
Is the Party Over?	p. 262
Summary	p. 263
Internet Resources
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For Further Reading
Campaigns and Voting Behavior	p. 266
The Nomination Game	p. 268
Competing for Delegates	p. 268
The Convention Send-Off	p. 274
You Are the Policymaker: National and Regional Presidential Primary Proposals	p. 275
The Campaign Game	p. 276
Organizing the Campaign	p. 276
How You Can Make a Difference: Political Campaigns	p. 277
Young People and Politics: Declining Interest in Working in Campaigns	p. 278
Money and Campaigning	p. 279
The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms	p. 279
A Generation of Change: The Incredible Increase in Fundraising for Presidential Nomination Campaigns	p. 280
The Proliferation of PACs	p. 283
Does Money Buy Victory?	p. 285
The Media and the Campaign	p. 285
The Impact of Campaigns	p. 288
Whether to Vote: A Citizen's First Choice	p. 288
Deciding Whether to Vote	p. 289
Registering to Vote	p. 289
Who Votes?	p. 290
How Americans Vote: Explaining Citizens' Decisions	p. 292
Party Identification	p. 293
Candidate Evaluations: How Americans See the Candidates	p. 293
Policy Voting	p. 295
2004: The Ratification of a Polarizing Presidency	p. 296
The Last Battle: The Electoral College	p. 299
Understanding Campaigns and Voting Behavior	p. 300
Are Nominations and Campaigns Too Democratic?	p. 300
Do Elections Affect Public Policy?	p. 301
Do Campaigns Lead to Increases in the Scope of Government?	p. 302
Summary	p. 303
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For Further Reading
Interest Groups	p. 306
Defining Interest Groups	p. 308
Theories of Interest Group Politics	p. 309
Pluralism and Group Theory	p. 309
Elites and the Denial of Pluralism	p. 310
Hyperpluralism and Interest Group Liberalism	p. 311
What Makes an Interest Group Successful?	p. 312
The Surprising Ineffectiveness of Large Groups	p. 312
Intensity	p. 315
Young People and Politics: The Virginia 21 Coalition	p. 316
Financial Resources	p. 317
How Groups Try to Shape Policy	p. 318
Lobbying	p. 318
Electioneering	p. 321
Litigation	p. 322
You Are the Policymaker: Should PAC's Be Eliminated?	p. 323
Going Public	p. 323
How You Can Make a Difference: Interest Groups	p. 324
Types of Interest Groups	p. 325
Economic Interests	p. 326
Environmental Interests	p. 327
A Generation of Change: How Non-Labor PACs Have Shifted to the GOP	p. 328
Equality Interests	p. 329
Consumers and Public Interest Lobbies	p. 330
Understanding Interest Groups	p. 331
Interest Groups and Democracy	p. 332
Interest Groups and the Scope of Government	p. 332
Summary	p. 333
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For Further Reading
Congress	p. 336
The Representatives and Senators	p. 338
The Job	p. 338
The Members	p. 340
Congressional Elections	p. 341
Who Wins Elections?	p. 342
The Advantages of Incumbency	p. 343
The Role of Party Identification	p. 347
Defeating Incumbents	p. 347
Open Seats	p. 348
Stability and Change	p. 348
How Congress Is Organized to Make Policy	p. 348
You Are the Policymaker: Should We Impose Term Limits on Members of Congress?	p. 349
American Bicameralism	p. 349
Congressional Leadership	p. 351
The Committees and Subcommittees	p. 353
Caucuses: The Informal Organization of Congress	p. 358
Congressional Staff	p. 359
Young People and Politics: Are Opportunities to Intern Biased in Favor of the Wealthy?	p. 360
The Congressional Process	p. 362
Presidents and Congress: Partners and Protagonists	p. 364
Party, Constituency, and Ideology	p. 365
A Generation of Change: Polarized Politics in Congress	p. 366
Lobbyists and Interest Groups	p. 368
Understanding Congress	p. 370
Congress and Democracy	p. 370
How You Can Make a Difference: Political Action and Congress	p. 371
Congress and the Scope of Government	p. 372
Summary	p. 372
Internet Resources
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For Further Reading
The Presidency	p. 375
The Presidents	p. 377
Great Expectations	p. 377
Who They Are	p. 377
How They Got There	p. 378
You Are the Policymaker: Should the Senate Have Convicted President Clinton?	p. 382
Presidential Powers	p. 382
Constitutional Powers	p. 383
The Expansion of Power	p. 384
Running the Government: The Chief Executive	p. 384
The Vice President	p. 385
The Cabinet	p. 386
The Executive Office	p. 386
The White House Staff	p. 389
How You Can Make a Difference: White House Internships	p. 391
The First Lady	p. 391
Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers	p. 393
Chief Legislator	p. 393
Party Leadership	p. 394
Public Support	p. 398
Legislative Skills	p. 399
The President and National Security Policy	p. 402
Chief Diplomat	p. 402
Commander in Chief	p. 404
War Powers	p. 404
Crisis Manager	p. 406
Working with Congress	p. 406
Power from the People: The Public Presidency	p. 408
Going Public	p. 408
Presidential Approval	p. 409
Policy Support	p. 411
Mobilizing the Public	p. 412
Young People and Politics: The Generation Gap in Watching the President	p. 413
The President and the Press	p. 414
A Generation of Change: Rushing to Judgment	p. 416
Understanding the American Presidency	p. 417
The Presidency and Democracy	p. 417
The Presidency and the Scope of Government	p. 418
Summary	p. 418
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Federal Bureaucracy	p. 421
The Bureaucrats	p. 423
Some Bureaucratic Myths and Realities	p. 423
Who They Are and How They Got There	p. 426
How Bureaucracies Are Organized	p. 430
The Cabinet Departments	p. 432
The Regulatory Commissions	p. 432
The Government Corporations	p. 433
The Independent Executive Agencies	p. 434
How You Can Make a Difference: A Career in Foreign Service	p. 434
Bureaucracies as Implementors	p. 435
What Implementation Means	p. 435
Why the Best-Laid Plans Sometimes Flunk the Implementation Test	p. 435
Young People and Politics: Drug Offenses and Financial Aid	p. 436
Bureaucracies as Regulators	p. 443
Regulation in the Economy and in Everyday Life	p. 443
Regulation: How It Grew, How It Works	p. 445
Toward Deregulation	p. 446
You Are the Policymaker: How Should We Regulate?	p. 447
Understanding Bureaucracies	p. 448
Bureaucracy and Democracy	p. 448
Bureaucracy and the Scope of Government	p. 452
A Generation of Change: Nuclear Power Comes Full Circle	p. 453
Summary	p. 454
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The Federal Courts	p. 457
The Nature of the Judicial System	p. 459
Participants in the Judicial System	p. 459
The Structure of the Federal Judicial System	p. 462
District Courts	p. 463
Courts of Appeal	p. 464
The Supreme Court	p. 465
The Politics of Judicial Selection	p. 467
The Lower Courts	p. 468
The Supreme Court	p. 469
A Generation of Change: Supreme Court Confirmation Politics	p. 471
The Backgrounds of Judges and Justices	p. 472
The Courts as Policymakers	p. 476
Accepting Cases	p. 477
Making Decisions	p. 478
You Are the Policymaker: The Debate over Original Intentions	p. 481
Implementing Court Decisions	p. 482
Understanding the Courts	p. 483
The Courts and Democracy	p. 484
How You Can Make a Difference: The Constitution in Exile v. The Living Constitution	p. 484
What Courts Should Do: The Scope of Judicial Power	p. 486
Young People and Politics: The Supreme Court Is Closer Than You Think	p. 487
Summary	p. 489
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The Congress, the President, and the Budget: The Politics of Taxing and Spending	p. 493
Sources of Federal Revenue	p. 496
Income Tax	p. 496
Social Insurance Taxes	p. 497
Borrowing	p. 498
Taxes and Public Policy	p. 500
Young People and Politics: Education and the Federal Tax Code	p. 502
Federal Expenditures	p. 505
Big Governments, Big Budgets	p. 506
The Rise and Decline of the National Security State	p. 507
The Rise of the Social Service State	p. 508
Incrementalism	p. 510
"Uncontrollable" Expenditures	p. 511
Balancing the Budget	p. 512
Understanding Budgeting	p. 513
Democracy and Budgeting	p. 513
You Are the Policymaker: Balancing the Budget	p. 514
How You Can Make a Difference: Federal Spending and the Pork Barrel	p. 515
A Generation of Change: Fluctuating Deficits	p. 516
The Budget and the Scope of Government	p. 517
Summary	p. 517
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Social Welfare Policymaking	p. 520
What Is Social Welfare, and Why Is It So Controversial?	p. 522
How You Can Make a Difference: Faith-Based Social Welfare Policy	p. 523
Income, Poverty, and Public Policy	p. 524
Who's Getting What?	p. 524
Who's Poor in America?	p. 525
What Part Does Government Play?	p. 529
Helping the Poor? Social Policy and Poverty	p. 530
"Welfare" as We Knew It	p. 530
Ending Welfare as We Knew It: The Welfare Reforms of 1996	p. 533
A Generation of Change: Declining Support for the Poor	p. 533
You Are the Policymaker: Should the Government Promote Marriage?	p. 534
Living on Borrowed Time: Social Security	p. 535
The New Deal, the Elderly, and the Growth of Social Security	p. 536
How George W. Bush Tried and Failed to Reform Social Security	p. 538
Young People and Politics: Social Security and UFOs	p. 539
Social Welfare Policy Elsewhere	p. 540
America in Perspective: Preaching Procreation and Paying for It: Family Policies in Europe and Elsewhere	p. 541
Understanding Social Welfare Policy	p. 542
Social Welfare Policy and the Scope of Government	p. 542
Democracy and Social Welfare	p. 543
Summary	p. 543
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National Security Policymaking	p. 546
American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers	p. 547
Instruments of Foreign Policy	p. 548
Actors on the World Stage	p. 549
The Policymakers	p. 551
American Foreign Policy: An Overview	p. 556
The Cold War	p. 557
The Era of Detente	p. 560
The Reagan Rearmament	p. 561
The Final Thaw in the Cold War	p. 562
The War on Terrorism	p. 563
Afghanistan and Iraq	p. 564
A Generation of Change: Rethinking National Security Policy	p. 566
The Politics of Defense Policy	p. 567
Defense Spending	p. 567
Personnel	p. 569
Weapons	p. 570
Reforming Defense Policy	p. 571
The New Global Agenda	p. 571
The Changing Role of Military Power	p. 572
Nuclear Proliferation	p. 574
You Are the Policymaker: Defanging a Nuclear Threat	p. 576
The International Economy	p. 576
Young People and Politics: Embracing Globalization	p. 577
Understanding National Security Policymaking	p. 582
How You Can Make a Difference: Joining the Peace Corps	p. 583
National Security Policymaking and Democracy	p. 583
National Security Policymaking and the Scope of Government	p. 584
Summary	p. 584
Internet Resources
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Issues of the Times Reader	p. 587
Appendix	p. 622
Glossary	p. 646
Notes	p. 663
Key Terms in Spanish	p. 681
Acknowledgments	p. 686
Index	p. 688
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