A Grammar of Lavukaleve

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ISBN: 9783110178876 | 3110178877
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/1/2003

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Lavukaleve is a Papuan Language spoken on the Russell Islands in the Central Province of the Solomon Islands. The phonology and morpho-phonology of Lavukaleve are described, as well as arguments adjuncts, the Lavukaleve predicate structure (including predicate types and core participant marking, the agreement suffix, focus constructions, tense, aspect and mood, word-level derivation, complex predicates), interclausal syntax, and the Lavukaleve discourse organisation. The book includes a list of affixes, a list of lexemes, and an appendix with Lavukaleve texts. The data used in this work was collected by the author during five field trips.

Abbreviations and Conventions

xxi

Maps

Map 1: The south-west Pacific and The Solomon Islands

xxv

Map 2: The Solomon Islands

xxv

Map 3: The Russell Islands

I. Preliminaries

Introduction

(16)

Lavukalen and Lavukals

(4)

Lavukaleve

(1)

Linguistic affiliation

(5)

Linguistic picture of the Solomon Islands

(1)

Previous classifications of Lavukaleve

(3)

More recent contact

(1)

Previous work on Lavukaleve

(1)

The language situation today

(1)

The nature of the data used in this work

(1)

Typological overview of Lavukaleve

(4)

Phonology and Morpho-phonology

(26)

Introduction

(1)

The phonemes

(1)

Consonants

(1)

Vowels

(1)

Description of the phonemes

(7)

Stops

(2)

Nasals

(1)

Liquids

(1)

Fricatives

(1)

Approximants

(1)

Vowels

(1)

Minimal contrasts between the phonemes

(1)

Consonants

(1)

Vowels

(1)

Vowel sequences

(2)

Identical vowel sequences or long vowels?

(1)

Syllable structure

(1)

Stress

(5)

Stress in mono-morphemic words

(2)

Stress in morphologically complex words

(1)

Stress shifts with Possessive prefix on nouns

(2)

Stress shifts with Possessive prefix on verbs

(1)

Hearing stress versus identical-vowel sequences

(1)

Intonation

(1)

Morpho-phonemic processes

(5)

Reduplication

(2)

Insertion of glottal stop between vowels at morpheme boundary

(1)

Vowel loss

(1)

Reduction of identical vowel sequences at morpheme boundaries

(1)

Stem-final vowel loss after a Possessive prefix

(1)

Vowel loss with Possessor-subject constructions

(1)

Change in vowel quality

(1)

Assimilation with the Nominaliser suffix-e~-i

(1)

Vocative vowel change

(1)

Alternative realisations

(1)

Words

(1)

Orthography

(1)

Word Classes

(32)

Nouns

(1)

Verbs

(5)

Transitive verbs

(1)

Intransitive verbs

(1)

Ambitransitive verbs

(1)

Ambitransitive verbs, S=A type

(1)

Ambitransitive verbs, S=O type

(1)

Two morphologically irregular verbs

(2)

Two syntactically irregular verbs: tuna `be really' and tave `be not'

(1)

Adjectives

(7)

Numbers and the counting system

(4)

Demonstratives

(1)

Demonstrative modifier

(1)

Demonstrative pronouns

(1)

Personal pronouns

(1)

The definite article

(1)

The focus markers

(1)

The Habitual Auxiliary

(1)

Postpositions

(1)

Conjunctions

(1)

Locationals

(1)

Nun `from'

(1)

Demonstrative identifiers

(1)

Roi~doi `which?'

(1)

Possessed particles

(1)

Verb adjuncts

(1)

Particles

(10)

Adverbial particles

(1)

Question particles

(1)

Time particles

(1)

Quantifier particles

(1)

Vocative particles

(1)

Hesitation particles

(1)

Exclamation particles

(1)

Relational particles

(1)

Miscellaneous particles

(6)

II. Arguments and Adjuncts

Noun Phrases and Possession

(24)

The structure of noun phrases

(18)

Heads of noun phrases

(1)

Ellipsis of noun phrase heads

(1)

Modification in noun phrases

(1)

Adjectives

(1)

Ro `one'

(5)

Mea `Specifier'

(5)

Numbers

(2)

The demonstrative modifier

(1)

The definite article

(2)

Juxtaposed nouns

(1)

Possession

(6)

Structural features

(1)

Semantic features

(5)

Noun Formation

(32)

Introduction: lexical roots and stems

(2)

Noun formation with the Locative suffix

101

(1)

Noun formation with the Perlative suffix

102

(1)

Noun formation with the Folk suffix

103

(1)

Possessed noun formation

103

(2)

Dual and plural noun formation

105

(26)

Dual noun formation

108

(1)

Nouns which do not have a dual form

109

(1)

Nouns which do have a dual form

109

(1)

Vowel-final nouns

110

(1)

Consonant-final nouns

110

(1)

Feminine nouns ending in -a

110

(1)

Nouns with other dual suffixes

111

(1)

Other dual formations

111

(1)

Plural noun formation

112

(2)

The NONE declension

114

(1)

The KAL declension

115

(1)

The UL declension

116

(1)

The VIL declension

117

(2)

The V declension

119

(2)

The L declension

121

(1)

The MAL declension

122

(1)

The N declension

123

(1)

The VERAV declension

124

(1)

The OTHER declension

124

(1)

Discussion of dual and plural formations

125

(1)

The masculine and feminine singular suffixes

125

(1)

Borrowed words and dual and plural formation

126

(1)

Multiple dual/plural marking strategies for a noun

127

(2)

Homonyms

129

(1)

Nouns which are obligatorily plural

130

(1)

Conclusions

130

(1)

Gender

131

(18)

Gender assignment

131

(10)

Formal assignment of gender

132

(3)

Semantic assignment of gender

135

(2)

Discussion of gender assignment

137

(1)

Recent loan words

138

(1)

Homonyms

139

(1)

Exploitation of gender for semantic purposes

140

(1)

Agreement

141

(8)

The hybrid noun ruima `old man'

142

(2)

Non-prototypical controllers and default agreement

144

(2)

Resolution

146

(3)

Nominal Adjuncts

149

(20)

Postpositional phrases

150

(11)

na `in', `on', etc

152

(1)

nam `to'

153

(1)

namula `from'

154

(1)

hal `above'

155

(1)

tat `on top of'

156

(1)

hamail `facing'

156

(1)

fataran `straight out from'

157

(1)

kelei `near'

157

(1)

nal `because'

158

(1)

ne `with'

159

(1)

ku `like'

160

(1)

ham `for'

161

(1)

Locative and Perlative adjuncts

161

(4)

Nouns with the Locative suffix

161

(3)

Nouns with the Perlative suffix

164

(1)

Place nouns

165

(1)

Complex nominal adjuncts with nun `from'

166

(3)

Deictics

169

(54)

Introduction

169

(1)

First and second person pronouns

170

(2)

Form

170

(1)

Functions

170

(2)

Demonstratives

172

(18)

Foia

172

(2)

The distance parameter

174

(1)

A grammaticalised use of foiga

175

(2)

Hoia

177

(3)

The distance parameter

180

(1)

Foia and hoia

180

(1)

Morphological criteria for distinguishing foia from hoia

181

(1)

Syntactic criteria for distinguishing foia from hoia

181

(2)

Oia

183

(1)

Functions of oia

184

(3)

Oia and foia

187

(1)

Morpho-syntactic properties of oia

188

(2)

Summary of pronouns and demonstratives

190

(1)

Locational deictics

191

(8)

Hoka, hoika, heaka, hoaka

191

(1)

Morphological and syntactic features

192

(1)

Koka ~ oka `far'

193

(1)

Uke `near'

194

(1)

Aka `then'

195

(1)

Ika `there'

196

(1)

Ka `locational emphatic'

197

(1)

Gala ~ igala `there'

197

(2)

Morphology of deictics

199

(20)

The Group suffixes -sa and -ha

199

(2)

The Extended suffix -la

201

(2)

The Presentative suffix -ri and the Predicative suffixes -o/-om/-v

203

(2)

The Presentative suffix with ika `there'

205

(1)

The Presentative suffix with aka `then', `next', `so', etc

206

(1)

The Presentative suffix with hoka/hoika/heaka `here/there/there far'

207

(1)

The Presentative suffix with igala `there'

208

(1)

The Presentative suffix with hoia `this' and oia `the other'

209

(2)

The Predicative suffixes

211

(5)

The agreement system of the Predicative suffixes

216

(3)

Demonstrative identifiers

219

(1)

Summary

220

(3)

III. Predicate Structure

Overview of Clause Structure, Predicate Types and Core Participant Marking

223

(28)

Basic clause structure

223

(1)

Constituent order

223

(2)

Syntactic functions and grammatical relations

225

(5)

Syntactic functions

225

(1)

Grammatical relations

226

(1)

Subjects

226

(2)

Objects

228

(2)

Core and oblique functions

230

(4)

Oblique functions

231

(1)

The expression of core arguments

231

(3)

Clause types

234

(3)

Predicate types in Lavukaleve

237

(5)

Simple verb predicates

237

(1)

Serial verb constructions and verb compounds

238

(1)

Habitual Auxiliary verbal complexes

238

(1)

Predicates formed with verbal adjuncts

239

(1)

Non-verbal predicates

240

(1)

Deictic predicates

241

(1)

Core participant marking

242

(9)

Affixial participant marking in simple verbal non-focus clauses

245

(1)

Affixial participant marking in simple verbal focus clauses

246

(1)

Summary: basic principles of participant marking

247

(1)

Participant marking in non-simple verbal predicates

247

(4)

The Agreement Suffix

251

(18)

Formal features

251

(2)

The existence of a zero

252

(1)

In relative clauses

253

(2)

In focus constructions

255

(4)

Omission of the Agreement Suffix in Sentence-Final focus constructions

258

(1)

With adjectives

259

(2)

With stative/resultative clauses

261

(5)

Conclusions

266

(3)

Focus Constructions

269

(54)

Introduction

269

(1)

Morphology and syntax of the focus markers

270

(4)

Paradigms of the focus markers

270

(2)

Syntactic status

272

(1)

What do the focus markers agree with?

273

(1)

The two types of focus construction

274

(22)

Introduction

274

(4)

Sentence-Final focus constructions

278

(1)

Predicate focus in transitive sentences

279

(3)

Sentence focus in transitive sentences

282

(4)

Intransitive clauses

286

(1)

Non-verbal clauses

287

(1)

Summary and discussion

288

(1)

Sentence-Internal focus constructions

289

(2)

Focussing on noun phrases

291

(1)

Focussing on postpositional phrases

292

(1)

Focussing on locational/temporal adjuncts

293

(1)

Focussing on adverbs or particles

293

(1)

Focussing on non-main verbs

294

(2)

Two rare phenomena

296

(2)

Another way of expressing argument focus of postpositional phrases

296

(1)

Demonstratives instead of focus markers in Sentence-Final focus constructions

297

(1)

More than one focus marker in one sentence

298

(7)

Focus-echo constructions

298

(2)

Multiple-focus sentences

300

(5)

Further discussion

305

(4)

No marked focus

305

(1)

Distinguishing between focus markers and copulas

306

(1)

Focus system versus alignment system

307

(1)

A typological note

308

(1)

The three focus markers feo, heo and meo

309

(11)

The meo focus marker

309

(1)

The heo focus marker

310

(10)

The feo focus marker

320

(1)

Summary

320

(3)

Tense, Aspect and Mood

323

(24)

Introduction

323

(1)

Tense

323

(7)

The Future Tense

324

(3)

The Present Tense

327

(3)

Aspect

330

(5)

The Imperfective Aspect suffix -ne

330

(2)

The Durative Aspect suffixes -nun and na

332

(2)

Morpho-syntax of Durative verbs

334

(1)

Mood

335

(10)

The Admonitive

335

(1)

Negative imperative

336

(1)

Admonitive and deleterious possibility

337

(1)

Irrealis

338

(1)

Exhortative

339

(1)

The Imperatives

339

(3)

The Hortative

342

(1)

The Abilitative

343

(2)

The Extended category

345

(2)

Word-level Derivation

347

(26)

Nominalisation

347

(7)

The Neuter Abstract Nominaliser -e~-i

347

(6)

The Feminine Abstract Nominaliser -io

353

(1)

Other word class changing phenomena

354

(5)

Locativiser

354

(2)

Verbalisation

356

(2)

Derived adverbial adjuncts with -ril

358

(1)

Valency changing

359

(9)

The Causative suffix -ri

359

(3)

The Intransitive suffix -a

362

(2)

Impersonal constructions

364

(2)

Reciprocal derivations

366

(1)

Reflexive constructions: not valency changing

367

(1)

Possessor-subject constructions

368

(5)

Complex Predicates

373

(30)

Serial verb constructions

373

(9)

Introduction

373

(2)

Serial verb constructions are single predicates

375

(1)

Sharing arguments and adjuncts

376

(1)

Sharing morphology

377

(2)

What can intervene between verbs of a serial verb construction

379

(1)

Semantic types of serialising verbs

380

(1)

Lavukaleve's serial verb constructions in typological perspective

381

(1)

Verb compounds

382

(2)

The Habitual Auxiliary

384

(12)

The Habitual Auxiliary's subject prefixes

386

(4)

The Habitual Auxiliary with the Agreement Suffix

390

(3)

The intransitive verb me `continue'

393

(3)

Verbal adjunct constructions

396

(7)

Hai `do'

396

(3)

Sia `do, be, become, happen'

399

(4)

IV. Interclausal Syntax

Clause Chaining

403

(20)

Introduction

403

(1)

Independent, subordinate and cosubordinate clauses revisited

403

(1)

Overview

404

(2)

Defining features of cosubordinate clauses

406

(14)

Morphology

406

(1)

Clause chains with Completive -vel

407

(1)

Clause chains with Successive -vele

408

(1)

Clause chains with Non-Finite -re

409

(3)

Syntax of clause chains

412

(5)

Clause chaining constructions versus independent coordinated clauses, serial verb constructions and subordinate clauses

417

(1)

Independent coordinate constructions

417

(1)

Serial verb constructions

418

(1)

Subordinate clauses

419

(1)

Clause chaining in other Papuan languages

420

(3)

Subordinate Clauses

423

(28)

Adverbial clauses

424

(15)

Participant marking with third person subjects in simple verbal predicates

424

(3)

Non-third person subjects

427

(2)

The Habitual Auxiliary me in subordinate adverbial clauses

429

(2)

Serial verb constructions in subordinate clauses

431

(1)

Anterior clauses

432

(3)

Potential clauses

435

(2)

Surprise clauses

437

(2)

Purposive clauses

439

(2)

Relative clauses

441

(10)

V. Discourse Organisation

Questions and Negation

451

(18)

Questions

451

(9)

Polar questions

452

(1)

Answers to polar questions

453

(1)

Content questions using the heo focus marker

454

(1)

Content questions using interrogative lexical items

455

(1)

Who, what and how much

456

(1)

How many

457

(1)

Be where

457

(1)

Which

458

(1)

How, when, where, where to

459

(1)

Negation

460

(9)

The verbal suffix -la

461

(1)

Negation of various construction types

462

(1)

The verb tave `be not'

463

(1)

Ro-ru `not one'

464

(1)

Tamu `not'

464

(2)

The negative imperative

466

(1)

Other negative lexical items

466

(1)

Not wanting

467

(2)

Discourse Organisation

469

(22)

Ways of joining sentences into larger units

469

(9)

Head-tail linkage

469

(4)

Discourse-linkage verbs

473

(2)

Conjunctions

475

(3)

Reference tracking

478

(13)

Introducing participants with overt noun phrases

479

(2)

Overt noun phrases as afterthought additions

481

(1)

Tracking referents with the demonstrative pronoun oia `the other'

482

(1)

Tracking referents with gender

483

(1)

Disambiguation of participants

483

(2)

Choosing not to disambiguate participants

485

(6)

Appendix 1: Texts

491

(42)

Appendix 2: List of affixes

533

(4)

Appendix 3: List of lexemes

537

(4)

Notes

541

(6)

References

547

(8)

Index

555

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A Grammar of Lavukaleve

Summary

Table of Contents

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