A Grammar of Udihe

, by Nikolaeva, Irina

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ISBN: 9783110169164 | 3110169169
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/1/2001

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Supplemental Materials

Acknowledgments

Preface

vii

Abbreviations

Table of contents

Plates

xxix

Map 1: The Udihe clans

xxxiv

Introduction

(32)

The Udihe language and its genetic affiliation

(1)

The Udihe people

(4)

The ethnonym Udihe

(1)

Other names

(1)

Population figures

(1)

Geographical location

(1)

Udihe clans

(1)

Udihe dialects

(6)

Dialect division

(1)

Some divergent features of the dialects

(4)

The dialect described in the grammar

(1)

Some remarks on Udihe history and ethnography

(4)

Origin

(1)

Ethnic history

(1)

Traditional occupations

(1)

Way of life

(1)

Traditional beliefs

(1)

Traditional folklore

(1)

The effect of language contacts on Udihe

(9)

Chinese

(3)

Russian

(4)

Nanai

(1)

Manchu

(1)

The status of the modern Udihe language

(4)

Sociolinguistic status

(1)

The teaching of Udihe

(1)

Orthography

(1)

Literature

(1)

The study of Udihe

(4)

Short survey of ethnographic work

(1)

Nineteenth and early twentieth century dictionaries

(1)

Twentieth century linguistic work

(3)

Phonology

(64)

Segmental phonology

(26)

Vowels

(15)

Inventory

(8)

Some remarks on the history of vowels

(1)

Allophonic variations

(1)

Free variations

(2)

Stylistic variations

(4)

Consonants

(8)

Consonant inventory

(2)

Some remarks on the history of consonants

(1)

Allophonic variations

(3)

Free variations

(2)

Phonological alternations

(3)

Contraction of high vowels

(1)

Labialization of /e:/

(1)

Prosodic lengthening

(1)

Consonant deletion

(1)

Phonotactics and prosody

(36)

Positional restrictions

(1)

Word-final position

(1)

Word-initial position

(1)

Co-occurrence restrictions

(10)

Consonant clusters

(4)

Vowel clusters

(5)

Status of glides within a syllable

(1)

Vowel harmony

(5)

Roots

(2)

Affixes

(3)

Epenthesis

(2)

Vowel epenthesis

(2)

Consonant epenthesis

(1)

Morpheme structure

(9)

Roots

(3)

Suffixes

(4)

Clitics

(2)

Prosodic structure

(9)

Syllable

(1)

Moraic and foot structure

(1)

Word stress

(4)

Sentence stress

(1)

Emphatic stress

(2)

Morphology

(380)

Noun inflectional morphology

(50)

Nominal inflection

(13)

Nominal stems

(4)

Number

103

(3)

Case

106

(1)

Possessive

107

(5)

Functions of nominal inflectional categories

112

(29)

Functions of the number forms

113

(5)

Functions of the cases

118

(9)

Functions of the possessive forms

127

(8)

Functions of the Alienable Possessive

135

(6)

Nominal mixed categories

141

(8)

Proprietive

142

(3)

Partitive

145

(4)

Nominal derivation

149

(22)

Derivational suffixes

149

(17)

Productive suffixes

149

(6)

Non-productive suffixes

155

(11)

Zero-derivation

166

(5)

Verb-to-noun conversion

166

(2)

Participle-to-noun conversion

168

(1)

Adjective-to-noun conversion

169

(2)

Adjectives

171

(34)

Inflection of simple adjectives

172

(6)

Adjectival stems

172

(1)

Inflectional categories

173

(5)

Inflection of compound adjectives

178

(1)

General properties of the adjective phrase

179

(4)

Adverbs within the adjective phrase

179

(1)

Adjectives that take a second argument

179

(1)

Comparative adjective phrase

180

(1)

Expression of measure

181

(1)

Superlative adjective phrase

181

(1)

Adjectives that govern a subordinate clause

182

(1)

Adjectival derivation

183

(22)

Suffixation

183

(14)

Zero-derivation

197

(1)

Compounding

198

(7)

Verbal morphology

205

(82)

Verbal stems

206

(6)

Present stem

207

(2)

Past stem

209

(1)

Perfect stem

210

(1)

Irregular verbs (auxiliaries)

211

(1)

Functions of the bare verbal stems

212

(1)

Personal inflections

212

(2)

Types of personal inflections

212

(1)

Distribution of personal inflections

213

(1)

Negative conjugation

214

(1)

Formation of the Indicative tense/aspect forms

214

(7)

General aspect

215

(2)

Habitual aspect

217

(3)

Progressive aspect

220

(1)

Non-Indicative moods

221

(4)

Imperative

221

(1)

Subjective

222

(1)

Necessitative

222

(2)

Conditional

224

(1)

Permissive

224

(1)

Non-finite forms

225

(19)

Participles

228

(8)

Converbs

236

(5)

Infinitives

241

(2)

Inchoative non-finite forms

243

(1)

Illustrative paradigms

244

(6)

Functions of the Indicative tense/aspect categories

250

(13)

General aspect

250

(8)

Habitual aspect

258

(4)

Progressive aspect

262

(1)

Function of non-Indicative forms

263

(9)

Imperative

263

(2)

Subjective

265

(4)

Necessitative

269

(1)

Conditional

270

(1)

Permissive

270

(2)

Functions of the non-finite forms

272

(9)

Participles

273

(5)

Converbs

278

(2)

Infinitives

280

(1)

Periphrastic tense/aspect/mood categories

281

(6)

Alternating action

281

(1)

Immediate future

282

(1)

Periphrastic Necessitative

282

(1)

Expressive Past

283

(4)

Verbal derivation

287

(46)

Interclass derivation

288

(10)

Denominal derivation

290

(6)

Deadjectival verbs

296

(2)

Deverbal derivation

298

(27)

Valence-changing derivation

299

(9)

Aspectual derivation

308

(14)

Modal derivation

322

(3)

Non-productive affixes of deverbal derivation

325

(1)

Verbal compounds

325

(5)

Adjective + b'a-

325

(1)

Noun + b'a-

326

(3)

Other compounds

329

(1)

Zero-derivation

330

(3)

Adjective-to-verb conversion

330

(1)

Noun-to-verb conversion

330

(3)

Pronouns

333

(32)

Personal pronouns

333

(3)

System of Personal pronouns

333

(3)

Reflexive pronouns

336

(6)

The Nominative form

337

(3)

Case inflection

340

(1)

Possessive forms

341

(1)

Reciprocal pronouns

342

(1)

Demonstrative pronouns

343

(5)

Anaphoric-deictic pronouns

344

(3)

Deictic pronouns

347

(1)

Interrogative pronouns

348

(5)

Interrogative pro-nouns

348

(3)

Interrogative pro-adjectives

351

(1)

Interrogative pro-adverbs

352

(1)

Interrogative pro-verb

352

(1)

Indefinite pronouns

353

(9)

Specific Indefinite pronouns

354

(1)

Non-specific Indefinite pronouns

355

(2)

Universal (free-choice) pronouns

357

(1)

Other types of Indefinite pronouns

358

(4)

Other determiners

362

(3)

Xonto `another'

362

(1)

Gagda `another, the other'

363

(1)

Gelegere `each, all'

364

(1)

Pronominal determiners in temporal expressions

364

(1)

Adverbs and postpositions

365

(52)

Adverbs

365

(35)

Spatial adverbs

366

(5)

Temporal adverbs

371

(2)

Manner adverbs

373

(15)

Degree adverbs

388

(5)

Idiomatic adverbial expressions

393

(1)

Reduplication of adverbs as a stylistic means

394

(1)

General properties of the adverbial phrase

395

(5)

Postpositions

400

(17)

Changeable postpositions

400

(7)

Unchangeable postpositions

407

(7)

General properties of the postpositional phrase

414

(3)

Numerals and quantifiers

417

(20)

Numerals

417

(15)

Cardinal numerals

417

(5)

Ordinal numerals

422

(2)

Collective numerals and quantifiers

424

(3)

Multiplicative numerals

427

(1)

Distributive numerals

428

(2)

Approximate numeral tume

430

(1)

Restrictive numerals

430

(1)

Augmentative numerals

431

(1)

Quantifiers

432

(5)

Scalar quantifiers

432

(1)

Universal quantifiers

433

(3)

Reduplication of universal quantifiers as a stylistic device

436

(1)

Particles and extra-clausal elements

437

(40)

Particles

437

(32)

Focus particles

438

(22)

Discourse particles

460

(9)

Extra-clausal elements

469

(8)

Addresses

469

(3)

Routine formulaic expressions

472

(2)

Interjections

474

(3)

Syntax

477

(476)

Noun phrase

479

(28)

Possessive noun phrase

480

(5)

Pronominal possessive modifier

481

(1)

Nominal possessive modifier

482

(1)

``Double'' possessive noun phrase

483

(1)

Plurality within the possessive noun phrase

483

(2)

Adjectival modifier

485

(3)

The structure of the phrase

486

(1)

Plural agreement

486

(2)

Quantified noun phrase

488

(7)

Number of the head noun

488

(1)

Universal quantifiers

489

(1)

Quantificational nouns

489

(2)

Scalar quantifiers

491

(1)

Numerals

491

(2)

Case agreement within the quantified noun phrase

493

(2)

Pronominal determiners within the noun phrase

495

(1)

Postpositional phrase as a modifier

495

(3)

Comitative postpositional phrase

495

(3)

Comparative postpositional phrase

498

(1)

Oblique-case noun phrase as a modifier

498

(3)

Instrumental noun phrase

499

(1)

Accusative noun phrase

500

(1)

Nominative noun phrase

501

(1)

Adverbials within a noun phrase

502

(1)

Apposition

502

(3)

Prenominal appositions

502

(2)

Postnominal appositions

504

(1)

Word order in the noun phrase with several modifiers

505

(2)

Verbal valence

507

(26)

Null-argument pattern

508

(3)

Null-argument verbs

509

(1)

Expletive subject

509

(2)

One-argument verbs (A/NOM)

511

(1)

Two-argument verbs

512

(12)

A/NOM, P/ACC

512

(3)

A/NOM, B/LAT

515

(1)

A/NOM, L/LAT (ADV)

516

(2)

A/NOM, CIR/INST

518

(2)

A/NOM, L/ABL (ADV)

520

(1)

A/NOM, L/LOC (ADV)

521

(1)

A/NOM, B/DAT

522

(1)

A/NOM, L/PROL (ADV)

523

(1)

A/NOM, E/NOM

523

(1)

Three-argument verbs

524

(9)

A/NOM, P/ACC, B/DAT

524

(2)

A/NOM, P/ACC, B/ACC

526

(1)

A/NOM, P/ACC, B/LAT

527

(1)

A/NOM, P/ACC, L/LAT (ADV)

528

(1)

A/NOM, P/ACC, CIR/INST

528

(1)

A/NOM, P/ACC, L/ABL (ADV)

529

(1)

A/NOM, P/ACC, L/LOC (ADV)

529

(2)

A/NOM, P/ACC, E/NOM

531

(2)

Grammatical relations

533

(38)

Subject

533

(16)

Subject properties

533

(8)

Imperative subject

541

(2)

Subjectoids

543

(4)

Subjectless clauses

547

(2)

Direct object

549

(5)

Object properties

550

(1)

Destinative object

551

(1)

Direct object in Passive constructions

552

(1)

Summary of grammatical properties

553

(1)

Other arguments

554

(1)

Clausal adjuncts

554

(17)

Spatial adjuncts

555

(2)

Temporal adjuncts

557

(4)

Source and cause adjuncts

561

(2)

Adjuncts of purpose and destination

563

(3)

Manner adjuncts

566

(5)

Valence-changing operations

571

(36)

Voice constructions

571

(25)

Passive

572

(2)

Agentless Passive

574

(8)

Causative

582

(8)

Decausative

590

(2)

Reciprocal

592

(4)

Valence changes not driven by voice

596

(11)

Double object construction

596

(4)

Destinative construction

600

(2)

Symmetrical verbs

602

(2)

Locative object construction

604

(1)

Agentless construction

605

(2)

Copular clauses

607

(40)

Copula verbs

607

(6)

Personal copula bi-

608

(1)

Impersonal Habitual copula bie

609

(1)

Other copulas

610

(3)

Copular constructions

613

(33)

Subjectless constructions

613

(9)

Nominative subject pattern

622

(21)

Dative subject pattern

643

(3)

Nominal sentences

646

(1)

Complex sentences

647

(26)

Conjunction

647

(11)

Constituent conjunction

647

(5)

Clausal conjunction

652

(5)

Conjunction under the scope of negation

657

(1)

Disjunction

658

(2)

Constituent disjunction

658

(1)

Clausal disjunction

659

(1)

Subordination

660

(7)

Complement clauses

661

(4)

Relative clauses

665

(2)

Direct speech

667

(6)

Direct speech introduced with evidential particles

668

(1)

The Verb gun- `say'

668

(1)

Ellipsis of the verb of saying

669

(1)

The Imperative in direct speech

670

(3)

Relative clause

673

(30)

External strategy

675

(6)

Relativized subject

675

(2)

Other positions relativized

677

(2)

Destinative Participles with the Past meaning

679

(1)

External relative clauses with case agreement

680

(1)

Internal strategy

681

(8)

Relativized subject

682

(2)

Other positions relativized

684

(4)

Internal relative clauses with case-agreement

688

(1)

Discontinuous relative clauses

689

(3)

Relativized subject

689

(2)

Other positions relativized

691

(1)

Copular relative clauses

692

(1)

Headless relative clauses

693

(4)

Specific headless relative clauses

693

(3)

Generalized headless relative clauses

696

(1)

Indefinite headless relative clauses

697

(1)

Depictives

697

(6)

Relative clauses as depictives

698

(1)

Adjectival depictives

698

(5)

Complement subordinate clause

703

(22)

Sentential subject

704

(5)

Infinitival sentential subject

704

(4)

Participial sentential subject

708

(1)

Sentential object

709

(16)

Infinitival sentential object

709

(2)

Participial sentential object

711

(9)

Converbial sentential object

720

(5)

Adverbial clause

725

(28)

Infinitival adverbial clauses

725

(3)

Manner clauses

725

(1)

Coordinative clauses

726

(1)

Causal clauses

727

(1)

Concessive clauses

727

(1)

Participial locational clauses

728

(2)

Temporal clauses

730

(14)

Participial temporal clauses

730

(8)

Converbial temporal clauses

738

(6)

Purpose clauses

744

(1)

``Instead'' -clauses

745

(1)

Irrealis clauses

745

(1)

Realis clauses

746

(1)

Causal clauses

746

(2)

Causal clauses with the postposition dieleni `because'

747

(1)

Causal clause with the postposition dalinka(n)di(ni) `thanks to'

747

(1)

Comparative clause

748

(1)

Conditional clause

749

(3)

Factual condition

749

(1)

Counterfactual condition

750

(2)

Concessive clauses

752

(1)

Coreference

753

(46)

Pronominal anaphora

753

(10)

3rd Person Personal pronouns

753

(4)

Demonstrative pronouns

757

(5)

Correlatives

762

(1)

Coreferential deletion

763

(10)

Subject deletion

764

(5)

Object deletion

769

(1)

Headless noun phrases

770

(2)

Predicate dropping

772

(1)

Reflexivization

773

(10)

Reflexive elements

774

(1)

Reflexive object

775

(1)

Antecedent of the reflexive element

776

(7)

Reciprocalization

783

(5)

Constructions with Reciprocal pronouns

784

(2)

Constructions with reduplications

786

(2)

Switch reference

788

(11)

Encoding of switch reference

789

(4)

Number mismatches

793

(6)

Questions and negation

799

(40)

Questions

799

(19)

Wh-questions

799

(8)

Yes-no questions

807

(1)

Contrastive questions

808

(1)

Alternative questions

809

(4)

Indirect questions

813

(5)

Negation

818

(21)

Sentence negation

819

(15)

Constitutent negation

834

(5)

Information structure and word order

839

(28)

Word order at a clause level

840

(6)

Focus position

841

(2)

Subject initiality

843

(2)

Verb finality

845

(1)

Information structure with in the noun phrase

846

(15)

Non-possessive noun phrase

846

(12)

Information structure in destinative constructions

858

(3)

Information structure in copular constructions

861

(2)

Intensifying the adjective

861

(1)

Topicalized subject

862

(1)

Topicalization of other constituents

863

(4)

Extra-clausal topic

863

(2)

Topicalization by means of the Infinitive

865

(2)

Texts

867

(46)

Thematic lexicon

913

(40)

Nominals

913

(25)

Body

913

(3)

Man

916

(3)

Animals

919

(3)

Plants

922

(2)

Food and drinks

924

(1)

Clothes and jewellery

925

(1)

Material activity

926

(3)

Non-material culture

929

(2)

Natural objects and substances

931

(2)

Time

933

(1)

Spatial notions

934

(1)

Adjectives

935

(3)

Verbs

938

(9)

Being

938

(1)

Possession and change of possession

938

(1)

Motion

939

(1)

Physical changes and influences (transitive)

940

(1)

Physical states and activities (intransitive)

941

(1)

Physiological states and processes

942

(2)

Speaking and producing sounds

944

(1)

Perceptions and emotions

944

(1)

Mental activity

945

(1)

Labour and everyday life

945

(2)

Modal and aspectual verbs

947

(1)

List of ideophones

947

(6)

References

953

(10)

Index

963

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