Green Metal Nanoparticles Synthesis, Characterization and their Applications

This groundbreaking book uniquely focuses on the exploration of the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles and their characterization and applications.

Metal nanoparticles are the basic elements of nanotechnology as they are the primary source used in the design of nanostructured devices and materials. Nanomaterials can be manufactured either incidentally, with physical or chemical methods, or naturally; and the high demand for them has led to their large-scale production by various toxic solvents or high energy techniques. However, due to the growing awareness of environmental and safety issues, the use of clean, nontoxic and environment-friendly ways to synthesize metal nanoparticles has emerged out of necessity. The use of biological resources, such as microbes, plant parts, vegetable wastes, agricultural wastes, gums, etc., has grown to become an alternative way of synthesizing metal nanoparticles. This biogenic synthesis is green, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and nontoxic.

The current multi-authored book includes recent information and builds a database of bioreducing agents for various metal nanoparticles using different precursor systems. Green Metal Nanoparticles also highlights different simple, cost-effective, environment-friendly and easily scalable strategies, and includes parameters for controlling the size and shape of the materials developed from the various greener methods.

Suvardhan Kanchi is currently at the Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, South Africa. He has co-authored about 35 papers and 11 book chapters in international peer-reviewed journals and edited Nanomaterials: Biomedical, Environmental, and Engineering Applications (Wiley-Scrivener 2018).

Shakeel Ahmed is working as an Assistant Professor at Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Mendhar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. He obtained his PhD in the area of biopolymers and bionanocomposites and has published several research publications in area of green nanomaterials and biopolymers for various applications including biomedical, packaging, sensors, and water treatment. He co-edited Chitosan: Derivatives, Composites and Applications (Wiley-Scrivener 2017).

Preface xxi

Part I Future Vision of Green Nanotechnology 1

1 Recent Advances in Green Nanotechnology and the Vision for the Future 3
Sukanchan Palit and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 The Objective of this Study 4

1.3 The Rationale for this Study 5

1.4 What is Meant by Green Nanotechnology? 5

1.5 The Scientific Doctrine and Truth Behind Nanotechnology Applications 6

1.6 Recent Research Pursuit in the Field of Nanotechnology 7

1.7 Scientific Endeavors in the Field of Green Nanotechnology 8

1.8 Challenges and Opportunities in the Field of Green Nanotechnology 13

1.9 Environmental Sustainability, Humankind’s Progress and Vision of Science 14

1.10 Scientific Cognizance, the Greatness of Research Pursuit and Green Nanotechnology 14

1.11 Global Water Crisis – The Vision and Challenge of Science 15

1.12 Heavy Metal and Arsenic Groundwater Contamination – The Vision for the Future 15

1.13 Groundwater Remediation and Water Purification Technologies 16

1.14 Application of Nanotechnology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment 17

1.15 The Vision of Renewable Energy Technologies 18

1.16 Future Research Trends and Flow of Thoughts 19

1.17 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 20

References 20

2 Green Synthesis of Metal-Based Nanoparticles and Their Applications 23
Shamaila Sajjad, Sajjad Ahmed Khan Leghari, Najam-Ul-Athar Ryma and Sidra Anis Farooqi

2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Botanical Extract Mediated Green Synthesis 27

2.3 Microbial Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis 47

2.4 Conclusions 53

Acknowledgment 54

References 54

3 Plant and Tree Gums as Renewable Feedstocks for the Phytosynthesis of Nanoparticles: A Green Chemistry Approach 79
Aruna Jyothi Kora

3.1 Introduction 80

3.2 Different Varieties of Plant Gums 90

3.3 Phytosynthesized Nanoparticles and Their Applications 96

3.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects 101

Acknowledgment 102

References 102

4 Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and its Reaction Mechanisms 113
Rajasekhar Chokkareddy and Gan G. Redhi

4.1 Introduction 114

4.2 Green Synthesis Using Plant Extracts 117

4.3 Synthesis and Mechanism Action of Metal Nanoparticles 120

4.4 Conclusions 134

References 135

5 Toxicity of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Future Prospects 141
Subramanyam Deepika, Rajendran Harish Kumar, Chinnadurai Immanuel Selvaraj and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan

5.1 Introduction 142

5.2 Applications of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity 149

5.3 Future Perspectives 158

5.4 Conclusion 159

Conflict of Interest 160

Acknowledgment 160

Abbreviations 160

References 161

Part II Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 165

6 Current Advances in Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications 167
Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Niranjan Thondavada, Bakusele Kabane and Gan G. Redhi

6.1 Introduction 168

6.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 169

6.3 Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles 180

6.4 Conclusions 190

References 191

7 Green and Sustainable Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Orange Peel Pith 199
G. López-Téllez, A. R. Vílchis Néstor, E. Gutiérrez-Segura, J. E. Moreno-Marcelino, A. Alcántara-Cobos, J. M. Malvaez-Medina and A. Castrejón Mejía

7.1 Introduction 200

7.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Plants 201

7.3 Bioreduction Mechanism 201

7.4 Suitable Characteristics of Nanoparticles for Remediation 202

7.5 Orange Peel Pith as a Support, Reducing and Capping Agent of Metallic Nanoparticles 203

7.6 Conclusions 213

References 214

8 Biological and Biomedical Applications of Eco-Friendly Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles 217
G. Madhumitha, J. Fowsiya and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan

8.1 Introduction 217

8.2 Plant Extract as Bioreactors for Green Synthesis of AuNPs 218

8.3 Role of Phytochemicals in AuNPs 225

8.4 Biological and Biomedical Applications of AuNPs 228

8.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 235

Conflict of Interest 235

Acknowledgment 235

References 235

9 Green Tiny Magnets: An Economic and Eco-Friendly Remedy for Environmental Damage 245
Paramita Karfa and Rashmi Madhuri

9.1 Introduction 246

9.2 Classification of Magnetic Materials 247

9.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles 253

9.4 Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation 263

10 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Biopolymers and Plant Extracts 293
Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny and Ehab Salih

10.1 Introduction 294

10.2 Types of Nanomaterials 295

10.3 Synthesis Approaches of Metal Nanoparticles 297

10.4 Green Synthesis of MNPs 300

10.5 Conclusion 310

References 310

11 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles from Natural Resources and Food Waste and Their Environmental Application 321
Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy and Mona S. M. Mansour

11.1 Introduction 322

11.2 Several Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis 323

11.3 Biosynthesis of Different Metallic Nanoparticles from Plant Derivatives 324

11.4 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Food and Agro Wastes 349

11.5 Nanotechnology in Environmental Applications 362

11.6 Conclusions 369

Acknowledgment 370

References 370

12 Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Biomedical and Environmental Applications 387
Varadavenkatesan Thivaharan, Vinayagam Ramesh and Selvaraj Raja

12.1 Introduction 388

12.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis 390

12.3 Applications of Phytogenic Silver Nanoparticles 391

12.4 Biomedical Applications 391

12.5 Environmental Applications 412

12.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 418

References 419

13 Green Synthesis of Silver, Copper and Iron Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Their Applications in Wastewater Treatment 441
Th. Babita Devi and M. Ahmaruzzaman

13.1 Introduction 442

13.2 Plants Mediated Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 444

13.3 Synthesis, Mechanism and Characterization of Synthesized Metals Nanoparticles 444

13.4 Catalytic Activities of Silver, Copper and Iron Nanoparticles for the Reduction and Photodegradation Process (Waste Water Treatment) 450

13.5 Toxicity and Future Prospect 457

13.6 Future of Green Route in Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 461

13.7 Concluding Summary 462

References 463

Part III Biosynthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 467

14 Current Scenario in Green Approaches for Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis 469
Selvaraj Mohana Roopan

14.1 Introduction 469

14.2 Overview of Biological Approach-Microbial Medium 473

14.3 Biological Approach Using Plant Sources as Medium 481

14.4 Applications 497

14.5 Conclusion 503

Conflict of Interest 503

Acknowledgment 503

Abbreviations 504

References 504

15 Advanced Tin-Oxide Nanostructures: Green Synthesis, Prospects and Challenges for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability 513
Dipyaman Mohanta and M. Ahmaruzzaman

15.1 Introduction 514

15.2 Green Strategies for the Fabrication of Tin-Oxide Nanostructures 515

15.3 Detection of Pollutants and Environmental Remediation 517

15.4 Clean Energy Generation and Efficient Energy Storage 530

15.5 Discussion and Future Prospects 537

15.6 Conclusion 538

References 539

Part IV Biosynthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 553

16 Green Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles: A Step Forward to Economical and Sustainable Development 555
Santanu Patra and Rashmi Madhuri

16.1 Overview of Nanoparticles 556

16.2 Green Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 561

16.3 Synthesis of Different Shaped Noble Metal Nanoparticles by Green Synthesis Approach 590

16.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 592

Acknowledgment 593

References 593

17 Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications 603
Niranjan Thondavada, Rajasekar Chokkareddy and Gan G. Redhi

17.1 Introduction 603

17.2 Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles 605

17.3 Toxicology of PtNPs 609

17.4 Biomedical Applications of PtNPs 610

17.5 Enzymatic Properties of PtNPs and their Applications 613

17.6 Conclusion 616

References 616

18 Eco-Friendly Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Applications: Present and Future Scenario 629
Raksha Choudhary and Rashmi Madhuri

18.1 Introduction 630

18.2 Why Noble Metal Nanoparticles are Gaining in Popularity in the Biomedical Field 632

18.3 Biomedical Applications of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 632

18.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 651

Acknowledgment 654

References 654

Part V Synthesis of Biopolymer Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots 667

19 Role of Bioconjugated Quantum Dots in Detection and Reduction of Pathogenic Microbes 669
Angappan Rameshkumar, Devanesan Arul Ananth, Sivagurunathan Periyasamy, Deviram Garlapati and Thilagar Sivasudha

19.1 Introduction 670

19.2 About QDs 671

19.3 General Applications of QDs 672

19.4 Mechanism of Action of QDs in Cell Lines 674

19.5 QDs as Antimicrobial Agents 674

19.6 Mechanism of QDs Exhibiting Antimicrobial Activity 675

19.7 Advantage and Disadvantages of QDs as Antimicrobial Agent 683

19.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 684

References 684

Index 689

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