Groundwater Contamination in the United States
, by Patrick, Ruth; Ford, Emily; Quarles, John; Pye, Veronica I.Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780812212563 | 0812212568
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 11/1/1987
Groundwater Contamination in the United States provides a comprehensive overview of the groundwater problem, including a detailed discussion of the nature of groundwater, the aquifers that hold it, and the processes of its contamination. It also assesses the extent and nature of contamination across the United States and its effects on public health.
Ruth Patrick is chairperson of the Environmental Assessment Council of the Academy of Natural Sciences. She is the author of over 140 scientific articles and the recipient of the prestigious John and Alice Tyler Award in Ecology Emily Ford is currently associated with the Academy of Natural Sciences John Quarles is a partner with the law firm of Morgan, Lewis and Bockius and a former deputy administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
List of Tables | p. xv |
List of Figures | p. xviii |
Acknowledgments | p. xxi |
Preface | p. xxiii |
Overview | p. xxv |
Groundwater Contamination in the United States: An Executive Summary of the Technical Report | p. 1 |
Importance of the Groundwater Resource | p. 2 |
What is Groundwater? | p. 2 |
Types of Aquifers | p. 2 |
Factors Affecting the Natural Quality of Water | p. 3 |
Relationships Among Groundwater Quality and Quantity, Surface Water, and Land Use | p. 4 |
Sources of Groundwater Contamination | p. 4 |
Types of Groundwater Contamination | p. 5 |
Attenuation and Movement of Contaminants in Groundwater | p. 5 |
Risks Posed by Different Types of Contaminants | p. 6 |
Geographical Extent of the Problem | p. 7 |
Severity of the Problem | p. 8 |
Monitoring for Groundwater Contamination | p. 9 |
Measures for Protecting Groundwater | p. 9 |
Aquifer Rehabilitation | p. 10 |
EPA 1984 Ground-Water Protection Strategy | p. 11 |
Classification of Aquifers | p. 12 |
Federal Regulations Applicable to Groundwater | p. 12 |
State and Local Groundwater Policies and Management Strategies | p. 13 |
Conclusions | p. 14 |
The Groundwater Resource | p. 17 |
What is Groundwater? | p. 17 |
Groundwater Movement | p. 18 |
Occurrence and Natural Quality of Groundwater | p. 21 |
Use of Groundwater | p. 28 |
Profile of an Aquifer | p. 32 |
Uses of the Ogallala Groundwater Resources in a Few Selected States | p. 35 |
Groundwater Contamination | p. 53 |
Movement of Contaminants | p. 54 |
Sources of Contamination | p. 56 |
Changes in the Composition of Groundwater Due to Natural Processes | p. 58 |
Contamination Due to Waste Disposal Practices | p. 59 |
Individual Sewage Disposal Systems | p. 61 |
Land Disposal of Solid Wastes | p. 63 |
Collection, Treatment, and Disposal of Municipal Wastewater | p. 67 |
Industrial and Other Wastewater Impoundments | p. 67 |
Land Spreading of Sludge | p. 71 |
Brine Disposal Associated With the Petroleum Industry | p. 72 |
Disposal of Mine Wastes | p. 73 |
Deep-Well Disposal of Liquid Wastes | p. 75 |
Disposal of Wastes from Animal Feedlots | p. 77 |
Contamination From Radioactive Sources | p. 78 |
Other Sources of Contamination | p. 81 |
Accidental Leaks and Spills | p. 81 |
Agricultural Activities | p. 83 |
Mining | p. 87 |
Highway Deicing Salts | p. 87 |
Atmospheric Contaminants and Acid Rain | p. 88 |
Infiltration of Surface Water | p. 88 |
Development of Groundwater | p. 88 |
Improper Construction and Maintenance of Wells | p. 89 |
The Severity of Groundwater Contamination | p. 104 |
Estimates of the Percentage of Groundwater That is Contaminated | p. 109 |
Population Affected by Groundwater Contamination | p. 112 |
The Effects of Groundwater Contamination on Public Health | p. 114 |
Risk Assessment and Toxicological Testing | p. 115 |
Incidence of Disease | p. 118 |
Acute Illness Due to Contaminated Groundwater | p. 126 |
Acute Illness Due to Pathogenic Contaminants | p. 126 |
Bacteria | p. 126 |
Viruses | p. 132 |
Parasites | p. 134 |
Acute Illness Due to the Chemical Content of Water | p. 138 |
Chronic Effects of Contaminated Groundwater on Public Health | p. 140 |
Chronic Disease Due to the Mineral Content of Groundwater | p. 140 |
Chronic Disease Due to Contamination by Toxic Organic Chemicals | p. 145 |
Health Effects Due to Radionuclides in Groundwater | p. 152 |
The Geographical Extent of Groundwater Contamination | p. 155 |
State Summaries Compiled From 1981-1986 For This Report | p. 170 |
Arizona | p. 178 |
California | p. 179 |
Connecticut | p. 187 |
Florida | p. 189 |
Idaho | p. 191 |
Illinois | p. 193 |
Massachusetts | p. 194 |
Montana | p. 196 |
Nebraska | p. 197 |
New Jersey | p. 200 |
New Mexico | p. 203 |
North Dakota | p. 209 |
Oregon | p. 209 |
Pennsylvania | p. 212 |
Rhode Island | p. 214 |
South Carolina | p. 215 |
Texas | p. 217 |
Vermont | p. 218 |
Washington | p. 220 |
Conclusions | p. 222 |
Monitoring the Quality of Groundwater | p. 229 |
EPA Ground-Water Monitoring Strategy | p. 230 |
Federal Statutes Requiring Groundwater Monitoring | p. 232 |
Federal, State, and Private Organizations That Carry Out Monitoring Activities | p. 233 |
Federal | p. 233 |
State | p. 234 |
Basic Procedures in Setting Up a Groundwater Monitoring Program | p. 235 |
Initial Site Assessment | p. 236 |
Selecting Parameters | p. 237 |
Types of Wells | p. 237 |
Monitoring Network | p. 249 |
Well Drilling Techniques | p. 249 |
Casing Materials | p. 250 |
Sampling Procedures | p. 251 |
Evaluation of Data | p. 251 |
Monitoring Costs | p. 252 |
Data Management and Information Retrieval | p. 252 |
Possibilities for Improving Monitoring Systems | p. 254 |
Research Needs | p. 255 |
General Practices for Preventing and Controlling Groundwater Contamination | p. 260 |
Disposal of Hazardous Wastes | p. 263 |
Septic Tanks | p. 265 |
Agricultural Practices | p. 266 |
Accidental Leaks and Spills | p. 268 |
Land Spreading and Spraying of Sludges | p. 270 |
Mining | p. 270 |
Highway Deicing Salts | p. 272 |
Infiltration of Surface Water | p. 272 |
Brine Disposal Associated With the Petroleum Industry | p. 273 |
Development of Groundwater | p. 273 |
Contamination From Radioactive Sources | p. 274 |
Conclusion | p. 275 |
Remedial Action and the Rehabilitation of Aquifers | p. 276 |
In Situ Remedial Techniques | p. 277 |
In Situ Detoxification | p. 277 |
Biological Degradation | p. 278 |
Chemical Detoxification | p. 278 |
Physical Detoxification | p. 279 |
Natural Detoxification | p. 280 |
In Situ Stabilization | p. 280 |
In Situ Immobilization | p. 280 |
Withdrawal Treatment Techniques | p. 282 |
Methods of Withdrawal for Treatment | p. 282 |
Treatment Methods | p. 283 |
Physical Treatment | p. 284 |
Chemical and Biological Treatment | p. 284 |
Final Disposal | p. 285 |
Determination of Suitable Remedial Management Alternatives | p. 286 |
Proposed Strategies for the Protection of Groundwater | p. 295 |
EPA 1984 Ground-Water Protection Strategy | p. 295 |
Strengthen State Groundwater Programs | p. 296 |
Address Groundwater Contamination Problems of National Concern | p. 296 |
Create a Policy Framework for Guiding EPA Groundwater Programs | p. 298 |
Strengthen Internal Groundwater Organization | p. 300 |
Recommendations of the National Groundwater Policy Forum for the Control of Groundwater Contamination | p. 301 |
Recommendations of the Environmental and Energy Study Institute for Groundwater Protection | p. 303 |
First Recommendation | p. 303 |
Second Recommendation | p. 303 |
Third Recommendation | p. 303 |
Fourth Recommendation | p. 304 |
Fifth Recommendation | p. 304 |
Recommended Policies and Practices of the National Wildlife Federation for the Protection of Groundwater | p. 304 |
Summary of the Chemical Manufacturers' Association Program for State Groundwater Management | p. 305 |
Groundwater Management Planning Process | p. 306 |
Objectives and Standards | p. 307 |
Protection Measures | p. 307 |
Groundwater Remediation | p. 308 |
Groundwater Monitoring | p. 308 |
Additional Issues | p. 308 |
Criteria and Recommendations for Effective Groundwater Quality Protection by the Committee on Ground Water Quality Protection | p. 309 |
Criteria | p. 309 |
Recommendations | p. 311 |
Information Base | p. 311 |
Classification | p. 311 |
Groundwater Quality Standards | p. 311 |
Control of Contamination Sources | p. 312 |
Implementation of Groundwater Protection Programs | p. 313 |
Aquifer Classification | p. 316 |
The Process of Classification | p. 318 |
Definition of Aquifer Boundaries | p. 318 |
Groundwater Classification | p. 319 |
EPA Aquifer Classification System | p. 320 |
State Aquifer Classification Systems | p. 321 |
Connecticut | p. 322 |
Florida | p. 324 |
Maine | p. 327 |
Massachusetts | p. 328 |
Montana | p. 329 |
New Jersey | p. 334 |
New Mexico | p. 339 |
New York | p. 341 |
North Carolina | p. 352 |
Rhode Island | p. 355 |
South Carolina | p. 356 |
Vermont | p. 357 |
Wyoming | p. 359 |
Summary of State Aquifer Classification Systems | p. 366 |
Federal Statutes Relevant to the Protection of Groundwater | p. 368 |
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 | p. 371 |
Statutory Goals | p. 371 |
Overview of Waste Management Programs Impacting Groundwater | p. 372 |
Subtitle C--Industrial Hazardous Waste | p. 372 |
RCRA Operating Standards and Groundwater Protection | p. 374 |
Bans on Liquids in Landfills and Land Disposal | p. 376 |
Imminent Hazard Authority | p. 377 |
State Role | p. 377 |
Solid Waste Disposal Program | p. 378 |
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks | p. 380 |
Groundwater Commission | p. 381 |
Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 | p. 381 |
Drinking Water Standards | p. 381 |
Underground Injection Wells | p. 382 |
Sole Source Aquifers | p. 383 |
Wellhead Protection Areas | p. 383 |
State Primacy | p. 384 |
Imminent Hazard Authority | p. 385 |
Clean Water Act of 1977 | p. 385 |
Effluent Limitations and Water Quality Standards | p. 386 |
Non-Point Source Pollution | p. 386 |
Information and Guidelines | p. 387 |
Imminent Hazard Authority | p. 388 |
Studies and Grants | p. 388 |
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 | p. 388 |
Groundwater Response Actions | p. 389 |
Liability | p. 389 |
National Contingency Plan | p. 390 |
Groundwater Cleanup | p. 391 |
Toxic Substances Control Act | p. 392 |
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 | p. 392 |
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act | p. 393 |
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 | p. 394 |
Conclusion | p. 395 |
State and Local Groundwater Quality Protection Programs | p. 396 |
Bases for State Groundwater Quality Protection Programs | p. 397 |
Specific Sources of Groundwater Contamination | p. 399 |
Industrial Liquid Waste Impoundments | p. 399 |
Landfills | p. 399 |
Septic Tanks | p. 400 |
Municipal Wastewater Systems | p. 400 |
Land Spreading of Pollutants | p. 401 |
Mining Wastes | p. 402 |
Leaks and Spills from Pipelines, Storage Tanks, and Vehicles | p. 402 |
Deicing Salts | p. 403 |
Saline Intrusion into Groundwater | p. 404 |
Construction and Operation of Wells | p. 404 |
Agricultural Activities | p. 405 |
State Groundwater Protection Programs, Policies, Strategies, Laws, Regulations, and Institutional Arrangements | p. 406 |
Alabama | p. 406 |
Arizona | p. 407 |
Arkansas | p. 407 |
California | p. 408 |
Colorado | p. 409 |
Connecticut | p. 410 |
Delaware | p. 412 |
Florida | p. 412 |
Georgia | p. 414 |
Idaho | p. 416 |
Illinois | p. 419 |
Indiana | p. 420 |
Iowa | p. 420 |
Kansas | p. 423 |
Kentucky | p. 425 |
Louisiana | p. 426 |
Maine | p. 427 |
Maryland and the District of Columbia | p. 430 |
Massachusetts | p. 430 |
Michigan | p. 432 |
Minnesota | p. 433 |
Mississippi | p. 434 |
Missouri | p. 436 |
Montana | p. 437 |
Nebraska | p. 439 |
Nevada | p. 442 |
New Hampshire | p. 445 |
New Jersey | p. 447 |
New Mexico | p. 450 |
New York | p. 451 |
Upper New York State | p. 452 |
Long Island | p. 453 |
North Carolina | p. 457 |
North Dakota | p. 459 |
Ohio | p. 460 |
Oklahoma | p. 462 |
Oregon | p. 463 |
Pennsylvania | p. 466 |
Rhode Island | p. 467 |
South Carolina | p. 469 |
South Dakota | p. 470 |
Tennessee | p. 471 |
Texas | p. 472 |
Utah | p. 472 |
Vermont | p. 473 |
Virginia | p. 474 |
Washington | p. 476 |
West Virginia | p. 476 |
Wisconsin | p. 477 |
Wyoming | p. 479 |
Bibliography | p. 483 |
Index | p. 505 |
Tables | |
Water Balance of the World | p. 18 |
Summary Appraisals of Groundwater, by Region | p. 24 |
Classification Based on Total Dissolved Solids | p. 25 |
Classification Based on Dissolved Inorganic Constituents in Groundwater | p. 26 |
Groundwater Withdrawals as a Percentage of Total Freshwater Withdrawals for Rural Domestic Supply | p. 29 |
Historical Trends in U.S. Groundwater Use | p. 30 |
U.S. Groundwater Use: 1975, 1980 | p. 31 |
Water Use in U.S. Communities | p. 31 |
Interior Residential Water Use | p. 32 |
Sources of Groundwater Contamination | p. 57 |
Inorganic Substances Found in Groundwater | p. 60 |
Characteristics of Domestic Sewage | p. 63 |
Summary of Leachate Characteristics Based on 20 Samples from Municipal Solid Wastes | p. 65 |
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