Groundwater Contamination in the United States

, by Patrick, Ruth; Ford, Emily; Quarles, John; Pye, Veronica I.

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ISBN: 9780812212563 | 0812212568
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 11/1/1987

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Groundwater Contamination in the United States provides a comprehensive overview of the groundwater problem, including a detailed discussion of the nature of groundwater, the aquifers that hold it, and the processes of its contamination. It also assesses the extent and nature of contamination across the United States and its effects on public health.

List of Tables	p. xv
List of Figures	p. xviii
Acknowledgments	p. xxi
Preface	p. xxiii
Overview	p. xxv
Groundwater Contamination in the United States: An Executive Summary of the Technical Report	p. 1
Importance of the Groundwater Resource	p. 2
What is Groundwater?	p. 2
Types of Aquifers	p. 2
Factors Affecting the Natural Quality of Water	p. 3
Relationships Among Groundwater Quality and Quantity, Surface Water, and Land Use	p. 4
Sources of Groundwater Contamination	p. 4
Types of Groundwater Contamination	p. 5
Attenuation and Movement of Contaminants in Groundwater	p. 5
Risks Posed by Different Types of Contaminants	p. 6
Geographical Extent of the Problem	p. 7
Severity of the Problem	p. 8
Monitoring for Groundwater Contamination	p. 9
Measures for Protecting Groundwater	p. 9
Aquifer Rehabilitation	p. 10
EPA 1984 Ground-Water Protection Strategy	p. 11
Classification of Aquifers	p. 12
Federal Regulations Applicable to Groundwater	p. 12
State and Local Groundwater Policies and Management Strategies	p. 13
Conclusions	p. 14
The Groundwater Resource	p. 17
What is Groundwater?	p. 17
Groundwater Movement	p. 18
Occurrence and Natural Quality of Groundwater	p. 21
Use of Groundwater	p. 28
Profile of an Aquifer	p. 32
Uses of the Ogallala Groundwater Resources in a Few Selected States	p. 35
Groundwater Contamination	p. 53
Movement of Contaminants	p. 54
Sources of Contamination	p. 56
Changes in the Composition of Groundwater Due to Natural Processes	p. 58
Contamination Due to Waste Disposal Practices	p. 59
Individual Sewage Disposal Systems	p. 61
Land Disposal of Solid Wastes	p. 63
Collection, Treatment, and Disposal of Municipal Wastewater	p. 67
Industrial and Other Wastewater Impoundments	p. 67
Land Spreading of Sludge	p. 71
Brine Disposal Associated With the Petroleum Industry	p. 72
Disposal of Mine Wastes	p. 73
Deep-Well Disposal of Liquid Wastes	p. 75
Disposal of Wastes from Animal Feedlots	p. 77
Contamination From Radioactive Sources	p. 78
Other Sources of Contamination	p. 81
Accidental Leaks and Spills	p. 81
Agricultural Activities	p. 83
Mining	p. 87
Highway Deicing Salts	p. 87
Atmospheric Contaminants and Acid Rain	p. 88
Infiltration of Surface Water	p. 88
Development of Groundwater	p. 88
Improper Construction and Maintenance of Wells	p. 89
The Severity of Groundwater Contamination	p. 104
Estimates of the Percentage of Groundwater That is Contaminated	p. 109
Population Affected by Groundwater Contamination	p. 112
The Effects of Groundwater Contamination on Public Health	p. 114
Risk Assessment and Toxicological Testing	p. 115
Incidence of Disease	p. 118
Acute Illness Due to Contaminated Groundwater	p. 126
Acute Illness Due to Pathogenic Contaminants	p. 126
Bacteria	p. 126
Viruses	p. 132
Parasites	p. 134
Acute Illness Due to the Chemical Content of Water	p. 138
Chronic Effects of Contaminated Groundwater on Public Health	p. 140
Chronic Disease Due to the Mineral Content of Groundwater	p. 140
Chronic Disease Due to Contamination by Toxic Organic Chemicals	p. 145
Health Effects Due to Radionuclides in Groundwater	p. 152
The Geographical Extent of Groundwater Contamination	p. 155
State Summaries Compiled From 1981-1986 For This Report	p. 170
Arizona	p. 178
California	p. 179
Connecticut	p. 187
Florida	p. 189
Idaho	p. 191
Illinois	p. 193
Massachusetts	p. 194
Montana	p. 196
Nebraska	p. 197
New Jersey	p. 200
New Mexico	p. 203
North Dakota	p. 209
Oregon	p. 209
Pennsylvania	p. 212
Rhode Island	p. 214
South Carolina	p. 215
Texas	p. 217
Vermont	p. 218
Washington	p. 220
Conclusions	p. 222
Monitoring the Quality of Groundwater	p. 229
EPA Ground-Water Monitoring Strategy	p. 230
Federal Statutes Requiring Groundwater Monitoring	p. 232
Federal, State, and Private Organizations That Carry Out Monitoring Activities	p. 233
Federal	p. 233
State	p. 234
Basic Procedures in Setting Up a Groundwater Monitoring Program	p. 235
Initial Site Assessment	p. 236
Selecting Parameters	p. 237
Types of Wells	p. 237
Monitoring Network	p. 249
Well Drilling Techniques	p. 249
Casing Materials	p. 250
Sampling Procedures	p. 251
Evaluation of Data	p. 251
Monitoring Costs	p. 252
Data Management and Information Retrieval	p. 252
Possibilities for Improving Monitoring Systems	p. 254
Research Needs	p. 255
General Practices for Preventing and Controlling Groundwater Contamination	p. 260
Disposal of Hazardous Wastes	p. 263
Septic Tanks	p. 265
Agricultural Practices	p. 266
Accidental Leaks and Spills	p. 268
Land Spreading and Spraying of Sludges	p. 270
Mining	p. 270
Highway Deicing Salts	p. 272
Infiltration of Surface Water	p. 272
Brine Disposal Associated With the Petroleum Industry	p. 273
Development of Groundwater	p. 273
Contamination From Radioactive Sources	p. 274
Conclusion	p. 275
Remedial Action and the Rehabilitation of Aquifers	p. 276
In Situ Remedial Techniques	p. 277
In Situ Detoxification	p. 277
Biological Degradation	p. 278
Chemical Detoxification	p. 278
Physical Detoxification	p. 279
Natural Detoxification	p. 280
In Situ Stabilization	p. 280
In Situ Immobilization	p. 280
Withdrawal Treatment Techniques	p. 282
Methods of Withdrawal for Treatment	p. 282
Treatment Methods	p. 283
Physical Treatment	p. 284
Chemical and Biological Treatment	p. 284
Final Disposal	p. 285
Determination of Suitable Remedial Management Alternatives	p. 286
Proposed Strategies for the Protection of Groundwater	p. 295
EPA 1984 Ground-Water Protection Strategy	p. 295
Strengthen State Groundwater Programs	p. 296
Address Groundwater Contamination Problems of National Concern	p. 296
Create a Policy Framework for Guiding EPA Groundwater Programs	p. 298
Strengthen Internal Groundwater Organization	p. 300
Recommendations of the National Groundwater Policy Forum for the Control of Groundwater Contamination	p. 301
Recommendations of the Environmental and Energy Study Institute for Groundwater Protection	p. 303
First Recommendation	p. 303
Second Recommendation	p. 303
Third Recommendation	p. 303
Fourth Recommendation	p. 304
Fifth Recommendation	p. 304
Recommended Policies and Practices of the National Wildlife Federation for the Protection of Groundwater	p. 304
Summary of the Chemical Manufacturers' Association Program for State Groundwater Management	p. 305
Groundwater Management Planning Process	p. 306
Objectives and Standards	p. 307
Protection Measures	p. 307
Groundwater Remediation	p. 308
Groundwater Monitoring	p. 308
Additional Issues	p. 308
Criteria and Recommendations for Effective Groundwater Quality Protection by the Committee on Ground Water Quality Protection	p. 309
Criteria	p. 309
Recommendations	p. 311
Information Base	p. 311
Classification	p. 311
Groundwater Quality Standards	p. 311
Control of Contamination Sources	p. 312
Implementation of Groundwater Protection Programs	p. 313
Aquifer Classification	p. 316
The Process of Classification	p. 318
Definition of Aquifer Boundaries	p. 318
Groundwater Classification	p. 319
EPA Aquifer Classification System	p. 320
State Aquifer Classification Systems	p. 321
Connecticut	p. 322
Florida	p. 324
Maine	p. 327
Massachusetts	p. 328
Montana	p. 329
New Jersey	p. 334
New Mexico	p. 339
New York	p. 341
North Carolina	p. 352
Rhode Island	p. 355
South Carolina	p. 356
Vermont	p. 357
Wyoming	p. 359
Summary of State Aquifer Classification Systems	p. 366
Federal Statutes Relevant to the Protection of Groundwater	p. 368
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976	p. 371
Statutory Goals	p. 371
Overview of Waste Management Programs Impacting Groundwater	p. 372
Subtitle C--Industrial Hazardous Waste	p. 372
RCRA Operating Standards and Groundwater Protection	p. 374
Bans on Liquids in Landfills and Land Disposal	p. 376
Imminent Hazard Authority	p. 377
State Role	p. 377
Solid Waste Disposal Program	p. 378
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks	p. 380
Groundwater Commission	p. 381
Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974	p. 381
Drinking Water Standards	p. 381
Underground Injection Wells	p. 382
Sole Source Aquifers	p. 383
Wellhead Protection Areas	p. 383
State Primacy	p. 384
Imminent Hazard Authority	p. 385
Clean Water Act of 1977	p. 385
Effluent Limitations and Water Quality Standards	p. 386
Non-Point Source Pollution	p. 386
Information and Guidelines	p. 387
Imminent Hazard Authority	p. 388
Studies and Grants	p. 388
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980	p. 388
Groundwater Response Actions	p. 389
Liability	p. 389
National Contingency Plan	p. 390
Groundwater Cleanup	p. 391
Toxic Substances Control Act	p. 392
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977	p. 392
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act	p. 393
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969	p. 394
Conclusion	p. 395
State and Local Groundwater Quality Protection Programs	p. 396
Bases for State Groundwater Quality Protection Programs	p. 397
Specific Sources of Groundwater Contamination	p. 399
Industrial Liquid Waste Impoundments	p. 399
Landfills	p. 399
Septic Tanks	p. 400
Municipal Wastewater Systems	p. 400
Land Spreading of Pollutants	p. 401
Mining Wastes	p. 402
Leaks and Spills from Pipelines, Storage Tanks, and Vehicles	p. 402
Deicing Salts	p. 403
Saline Intrusion into Groundwater	p. 404
Construction and Operation of Wells	p. 404
Agricultural Activities	p. 405
State Groundwater Protection Programs, Policies, Strategies, Laws, Regulations, and Institutional Arrangements	p. 406
Alabama	p. 406
Arizona	p. 407
Arkansas	p. 407
California	p. 408
Colorado	p. 409
Connecticut	p. 410
Delaware	p. 412
Florida	p. 412
Georgia	p. 414
Idaho	p. 416
Illinois	p. 419
Indiana	p. 420
Iowa	p. 420
Kansas	p. 423
Kentucky	p. 425
Louisiana	p. 426
Maine	p. 427
Maryland and the District of Columbia	p. 430
Massachusetts	p. 430
Michigan	p. 432
Minnesota	p. 433
Mississippi	p. 434
Missouri	p. 436
Montana	p. 437
Nebraska	p. 439
Nevada	p. 442
New Hampshire	p. 445
New Jersey	p. 447
New Mexico	p. 450
New York	p. 451
Upper New York State	p. 452
Long Island	p. 453
North Carolina	p. 457
North Dakota	p. 459
Ohio	p. 460
Oklahoma	p. 462
Oregon	p. 463
Pennsylvania	p. 466
Rhode Island	p. 467
South Carolina	p. 469
South Dakota	p. 470
Tennessee	p. 471
Texas	p. 472
Utah	p. 472
Vermont	p. 473
Virginia	p. 474
Washington	p. 476
West Virginia	p. 476
Wisconsin	p. 477
Wyoming	p. 479
Bibliography	p. 483
Index	p. 505
Tables
Water Balance of the World	p. 18
Summary Appraisals of Groundwater, by Region	p. 24
Classification Based on Total Dissolved Solids	p. 25
Classification Based on Dissolved Inorganic Constituents in Groundwater	p. 26
Groundwater Withdrawals as a Percentage of Total Freshwater Withdrawals for Rural Domestic Supply	p. 29
Historical Trends in U.S. Groundwater Use	p. 30
U.S. Groundwater Use: 1975, 1980	p. 31
Water Use in U.S. Communities	p. 31
Interior Residential Water Use	p. 32
Sources of Groundwater Contamination	p. 57
Inorganic Substances Found in Groundwater	p. 60
Characteristics of Domestic Sewage	p. 63
Summary of Leachate Characteristics Based on 20 Samples from Municipal Solid Wastes	p. 65
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Groundwater Contamination in the United States

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