Handbook of Atmospheric Science Principles and Applications

, by Hewitt, C. Nick; Jackson, Andrea V.

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ISBN: 9780632052868 | 0632052864
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/8/2003

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The alarming consequences of global climate change have highlighted the need to take urgent steps to combat the causes of air pollution. Hence, understanding the Earth's atmosphere is a vital component in Man's emerging quest for developing sustainable modes of behaviour in the 21st century. Written by a team of expert scientists, the Handbook of Atmospheric Science provides a broad and up-to-date account of our understanding of the natural processes that occur within the atmosphere. It examines how Man's activities have had a detrimental effect on the climate, and how measures may be implemented in order to modify these activities. The book progresses through chapters covering the principles of atmospheric science and the current problems of air pollution at the urban, regional and global scales, to the tools and applications used to understand air pollution. The Handbook of Atmospheric Science offers an excellent overview of this multi-disciplinary subject and will prove invaluable to both students and researchers of atmospheric science, air pollution and global change.

List of contributors

Preface

Part 1: Principles of Atmospheric Science

1 CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE,

(32)

Richard P. Wayne

1.1 Introduction,

(1)

1.2 Creation of the planets and their earliest atmospheres,

(5)

1.3 The Earth's atmosphere before life began,

(2)

1.4 Comparison of Venus, Earth, and Mars,

(3)

1.5 Life and the Earth's atmosphere,

(4)

1.6 Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere,

(2)

1.7 The rise of oxygen concentrations,

(5)

1.8 Protection of life from ultraviolet radiation,

(4)

1.9 Conclusions,

(1)

1.10 Further reading,

(1)

References,

(6)

2 ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE,

(24)

Hugh Coe and Ann R. Webb

2.1 Introduction,

(1)

2.2 The structure of the Earth's atmosphere,

(2)

2.3 Solar and terrestrial radiation,

(2)

2.4 Absorption of radiation by trace gases,

(1)

2.5 Solar radiation, ozone, and the stratospheric temperature profile,

(2)

2.6 Trapping of longwave radiation,

(1)

2.7 A simple model of radiation transfer,

(3)

2.8 A brief overview of more complex radiative transfer,

(1)

2.9 Conduction, convection, and sensible and latent heat,

(6)

2.10 The energy budget for the Earth's atmosphere,

(3)

2.11 Energy transfer in the atmosphere and ocean,

(1)

2.12 Solar radiation and the biosphere,

(2)

References,

(1)

3 THE EARTH'S CLIMATES,

(31)

John G. Lockwood

3.1 Introduction,

(3)

3.2 Polar climates,

(7)

3.3 Temperate latitude climates,

(6)

3.4 Tropical climates,

(12)

3.5 Closing remarks,

(1)

References,

(3)

4 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES AND RESIDENCE TIMES,

(34)

Dudley E. Shallcross, Kuo-Ying Wang, and Claudia H. Dimmer

4.1 Introduction,

(1)

4.2 The global carbon cycle,

(6)

4.3 The global nitrogen cycle,

(3)

4.4 The global sulfur cycle,

(6)

4.5 The global halogen cycle,

105

(12)

4.6 Conclusions,

117

(1)

References,

117

(7)

5 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION,

124

(32)

Andrea V. Jackson

5.1 Introduction,

124

(1)

5.2 Primary pollutants,

124

(14)

5.3 Long-lived pollutants,

138

(2)

5.4 Secondary gaseous pollutants,

140

(3)

5.5 Other hazardous air pollutants,

143

(2)

5.6 Particulate material,

145

(4)

References,

149

(7)

6 TROPOSPHERIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY,

156

(32)

Paul S. Monks

6.1 Introduction,

156

(2)

6.2 Initiation of photochemistry by light,

158

(1)

6.3 Tropospheric oxidation chemistry,

159

(2)

6.4 Nitrogen oxides and the photostationary state,

161

(3)

6.5 Production and destruction of ozone,

164

(4)

6.6 The tropospheric ozone budget,

168

(1)

6.7 The role of hydrocarbons,

169

(2)

6.8 Urban chemistry,

171

(2)

6.9 The spring ozone maximum,

173

(3)

6.10 Nighttime oxidation chemistry,

176

(4)

6.11 Ozone-alkene chemistry,

180

(2)

6.12 N02-diene chemistry,

182

(1)

6.13 Sulfur chemistry,

182

(2)

6.14 Halogen chemistry,

184

(1)

6.15 Conclusions,

184

(1)

References,

184

(4)

7 STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND TRANSPORT,

188

(23)

A. Robert Mackenzie

7.1 Introduction,

188

(2)

7.2 The structure of the stratosphere,

190

(6)

7.3 Gas-phase chemistry of the stratosphere,

196

(5)

7.4 Aerosols and clouds in the stratosphere,

201

(1)

7.5 Heterogeneous chemistry of the stratosphere,

202

(2)

7.6 Future perturbations to the stratosphere,

204

(2)

References,

206

(5)

8 AQUEOUS PHASE CHEMISTRY OF THE TROPOSPHERE,

211

(14)

Peter Brimblecombe

8.1 The aqueous phase in the atmosphere,

211

(3)

8.2 Nonvolatile solutes,

214

(5)

8.3 Reactions and photochemistry,

219

(5)

8.4 Conclusions,

224

(1)

References,

225

(114)

9 ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER,

228

(27)

Urs Baltensperger, Stefan Nyeki, and Markus Kalberer

9.1 Introduction,

228

(2)

9.2 Size distribution, composition, and concentration,

230

(1)

9.3 Aerosol sources,

230

(8)

9.4 Heterogeneous chemistry,

238

(2)

9.5 Climate forcing,

240

(8)

9.6 Tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols: remote sensing,

248

(2)

Appendix: nomenclature,

250

(1)

References,

251

(4)

10 ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION AND AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY,

255

(20)

David Carruthers

10.1 Introduction,

255

(1)

10.2 The atmospheric boundary layer,

255

(11)

10.3 Atmospheric dispersion,

266

(4)

10.4 Mean concentrations,

270

(2)

10.5 Conclusions,

272

(2)

References,

274

(1)

11 SYNOPTIC-SCALE METEOROLOGY,

275

(39)

Douglas J. Parker

11.1 Introduction,

275

(1)

11.2 Basic physical descriptions and models,

275

(24)

11.3 Applications to weather systems,

299

(8)

11.4 On airmasses,

307

(1)

11.5 Practicalities: how to perform a synoptic analysis,

308

(3)

11.6 Conclusions,

311

(1)

References,

312

(2)

12 ATMOSPHERIC REMOVAL PROCESSES,

314

(25)

Brad D. Hall

12.1 Introduction,

314

(1)

12.2 Dry deposition of gases,

314

(1)

12.3 Bulk resistance ("big leaf") model,

315

(9)

12.4 Dry deposition of particles,

324

(3)

12.5 Measuring dry deposition,

327

(2)

12.6 Wet deposition,

329

(5)

References,

334

(5)

Part 2: Problems, Tools, and Applications

13 GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS,

339

(37)

Atut K. Jain and Katharine A.S. Hayhoe

13.1 Introduction,

339

(2)

13.2 Historical evidence of the impact of human activities on climate,

341

(14)

13.3 Future outlook of climate and ozone changes,

355

(9)

13.4 Potential impacts of stratospheric ozone and climate changes,

364

(3)

13.5 Pathways to policy considerations,

367

(3)

13.6 Conclusions,

370

(1)

References,

371

(5)

14 REGIONAL-SCALE POLLUTION PROBLEMS,

376

(23)

Crispin J. Halsall

14.1 Introduction,

376

(1)

14.2 Monitoring frameworks,

377

(1)

14.3 The regional ozone problem,

378

(6)

14.4 Deposition of nitrogen and sulfur across Europe: acidification and eutrophication,

384

(4)

14.5 Arctic haze,

388

(7)

14.6 Current trends and uncertainties in regional air pollution,

395

(1)

References,

395

(4)

15 URBAN-SCALE AIR POLLUTION,

399

(40)

Jes Fenger

15.1 Introduction,

399

(3)

15.2 Pollutants and sources,

402

(3)

15.3 From emission to pollution levels,

405

(6)

15.4 Urban-scale impacts,

411

(7)

15.5 Means of mitigation,

418

(4)

15.6 Case studies,

422

(10)

15.7 Conclusions,

432

(1)

References,

433

(6)

16 ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING TECHNIQUES,

439

(34)

Rod Robinson

16.1 Introduction,

439

(1)

16.2 Requirements,

439

(1)

16.3 Standardized methods,

440

(1)

16.4 Sampling techniques,

440

(1)

16.5 Expression of results,

441

(1)

16.6 Monitoring air quality,

441

(20)

16.7 Monitoring meteorological parameters,

461

(2)

16.8 Monitoring of the middle to upper atmosphere,

463

(7)

16.9 Conclusions,

470

(1)

References,

470

(3)

17 EMISSION INVENTORIES,

473

(30)

David Hutchinson

17.1 Introduction,

473

(4)

17.2 Emission inventory procedures,

477

(6)

17.3 Emissions from road traffic,

483

(6)

17.4 Emissions from rail transport,

489

(1)

17.5 Emissions at airports,

489

(1)

17.6 Emissions from shipping,

490

(1)

17.7 Area emission sources,

491

(3)

17.8 Point source emissions,

494

(1)

17.9 A comparison of the London and Tokyo atmospheric emissions inventories,

494

(5)

17.10 Conclusions,

499

(1)

References,

500

(3)

18 POLLUTANT DISPERSION MODELING,

503

(22)

Yasmin Vawda

18.1 Introduction,

503

(1)

18.2 Emission sources recognized by atmospheric dispersion models,

503

(1)

18.3 Assessment criteria for the results of dispersion models,

504

(1)

18.4 Meteorological data requirements of atmospheric dispersion models,

504

(5)

18.5 Types of atmospheric dispersion model,

509

(1)

18.6 Input data requirements,

510

(6)

18.7 Output data and interpretation,

516

(1)

18.8 Background air quality,

516

(1)

18.9 Choice of dispersion model,

516

(4)

18.10 Accuracy of dispersion modeling predictions,

520

(1)

Appendix: list of models,

520

(3)

References,

523

(2)

19 CLIMATE MODELING,

525

(37)

William Lahoz

19.1 Introduction,

525

(4)

19.2 The modeling tools,

529

(18)

19.3 Evaluation of the modeling tools,

547

(4)

19.4 Use of the modeling tools,

551

(3)

19.5 Latest results,

554

(3)

19.6 Future avenues,

557

(1)

References,

557

(5)

20 CRITICAL LEVELS AND CRITICAL LOADS AS A TOOL FOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT,

562

(41)

Wim de Vries and Maximilian Posch

20.1 Introduction,

562

(2)

20.2 Critical levels of air pollutants,

564

(1)

20.3 Methods to derive critical loads for terrestrial ecosystems,

565

(5)

20.4 Critical loads of nitrogen,

570

(7)

20.5 Critical loads of acidity,

577

(8)

20.6 Critical loads for heavy metals,

585

(6)

20.7 The use of critical loads in policy assessments,

591

(6)

20.8 Discussion and conclusions,

597

(1)

References,

597

(6)

21 THE PRACTICE OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

603

(26)

Bernard E.A. Fisher

21.1 Introduction to air quality management,

603

(4)

21.2 Carbon monoxide,

607

(2)

21.3 Benzene,

609

(2)

21.4 1, 3-Butadiene,

611

(1)

21.5 Lead,

611

(1)

21.6 Nitrogen dioxide,

612

(2)

21.7 Sulfur dioxide,

614

(2)

21.8 Particles,

616

(2)

21.9 Ozone,

618

(1)

21.10 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,

619

(1)

21.11 Dispersion models for local air quality management,

620

(4)

21.12 Accuracy of air pollution models,

624

(1)

21.13 Example of a method of estimating uncertainty,

625

(1)

21.14 Carbon dioxide,

626

(1)

References,

627

(2)

Index,

629

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Handbook of Atmospheric Science Principles and Applications

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials