Handbook of Behaviorism

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ISBN: 9780125241908 | 0125241909
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/15/1998

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Handbook of Behaviorism provides a comprehensive single source that summarizes what behaviorism is, how the various "flavors" of behaviorism have differed between major theorists both in psychology and philosophy, and what aspects of those theories have been borne out in research findings and continue to be of use in understanding human behavior.

CONTRIBUTORS

XVII

(2)

PREFACE

XIX

1 INTRODUCTION: THE BEHAVIORISMS

(17)

WILLIAM O'DONOHUE

RICHARD F. KITCHENER

I. The Behaviorisms

(12)

A. Exegetical Problems

(1)

B. Emotional Reactions

(1)

C. Philosophy of Science, Scientific Theory, Methodology, Empirical Findings, and Clinical Implications

(1)

D. Behaviorism and the Effectiveness of Practical Problem Solving

(1)

E. American Character

(1)

F. Relationship Between Philosophical and Psychological Behaviorisms

(1)

G. Quo Vadis?

(1)

References

(5)

2 WATSONIAN BEHAVIORISM

(55)

EDWARD K. MORRIS

JAMES T. TODD

I. Introduction

(2)

II. Intellectual, Cultural, and Individual Context

(7)

A. Intellectual Context: Philosophy, Science, and Psychology

(4)

B. Cultural and Individual Context

(3)

III. Before Watsonian Behaviorism

(5)

A. Watson's Research Programs

(3)

B. Watson and Psychology in 1913

(1)

IV. Watsonian Behaviorism

(19)

A. Watson: 1913-1920

(2)

B. The Behaviorist Manifesto

(1)

C. "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It"

(13)

D. A Science of Behavior

(4)

V. After Watsonian Behaviorism

(8)

A. Watson: 1920-1936

(1)

B. Heredity and Environment

(3)

C. Applications to Child Rearing and Advertising

(3)

D. Watson: 1936-1958

(1)

VI. Conclusion

(2)

References

(14)

3 INTERBEHAVIORISM AND INTERBEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY

(26)

LINDA J. HAYES

DEBRA W. FREDERICKS

I. Historical Background

(4)

A. Biography

(3)

B. The Evolution of Organismic Psychology

(1)

II. Ziggurat of Science and Civilization

(4)

A. Cultural Matrix

(1)

B. Protopostulates of Scientific Philosophy

(2)

C. Metasystem of the Sciences

(1)

D. Postulates of the Individual Sciences

(1)

III. Postulational System of Interbehavioral Psychology

(2)

A. Interbehavioral Fields as Subject Matter

(1)

B. Factors Participating in Interbehavioral Fields

(2)

IV. Psychological Events

(3)

A. General Classes of Interbehavior

(2)

B. Varieties of Psychological Events

(1)

V. Interbehaviorism and Radical Behaviorism

(3)

A. Similarities

(1)

B. Differences

(2)

VI. Relation to Empirical Evidence

(3)

A. Kantor's Contributions to Empirical Research

(1)

B. Others' Assessment of Kantor's Contributions

(1)

C. Sphere of Influence

(1)

D. Domains of Influence

(1)

VII. Current Status and Future Directions

(1)

VIII. Epilogue

(1)

References

(6)

4 EDWARD C. TOLMAN'S PURPOSIVE BEHAVIORISM

(21)

NANCY K. INNIS

I. Purposive Behaviorism

(4)

A. A New Formula for Behaviorism

(2)

B. Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men

101

(2)

II. Operational Behaviorism

103

(3)

III. Performance Vectors

106

(3)

A. The Schematic Sowbug

106

(3)

B. Failure of the Schematic Sowbug

109

(1)

IV. From Rats and Sowbugs to Man

109

(1)

V. A Field Theory of Learning

110

(3)

A. Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men

111

(1)

B. Tolman's Map Analogy

112

(1)

VI. The Psychology of Social Learning

113

(2)

VII. Edward Tolman: Purposive Behaviorist

115

(1)

Acknowledgments

115

(1)

References

116

(4)

5 CLARK L. HULL'S BEHAVIORISM

120

(40)

MICHAEL E. RASHOTTE

ABRAM AMSEL

Introduction

120

(1)

Brief Biographical Sketch

120

(1)

I. Theoretical Style

122

(7)

A. Influence of Machines

122

(1)

B. Plan for Developing a Behavior Theory

123

(3)

C. Perspective on Hull's Attempt to Make a Formal Behavior Theory

126

(1)

D. Physiology and Hull-Spence Theory

127

(2)

II. S-R Analysis of Cognitive Processes

129

(13)

A. Knowledge, Foresight, Directing Ideas, and Purpose

129

(7)

B. Gestalt Phenomena

136

(1)

C. Habit-Family Hierarchies (Networks of Associations)

136

(2)

D. Kenneth Spence's Analysis of Transposition

138

(3)

E. Application to Psychotherapy and Symbolic Processes

141

(1)

III. Conceptualizations of Reinforcement and Reward: Evolution of Hull's 1943 Theory

142

(11)

A. "Reinforcement" in Hull's 1943 Theory

143

(1)

B. Difficulties Recognized by Hull in 1943

144

(1)

C. The Elliott-Crespi-Zeaman Experiment

145

(2)

D. Spence's Contributions to Reward-Incentive Theory

147

(3)

E. Amsel's Frustration Theory: A Conditioning Model of Effects of Rewards and Nonreward

150

(3)

Concluding Comments

153

(1)

Acknowledgments

154

(1)

References

154

(6)

6 RADICAL BEHAVIORISM: B.F. SKINNER'S PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

160

(20)

JON RINGEN

I. Radical Behaviorism as Philosophy of Science

160

(1)

II. Radical Behaviorism: The Basic Issues

161

(1)

III. Radical Behaviorism and Mentalism

162

(8)

A. Privacy

162

(2)

B. Intentionality

164

(6)

IV. Radical Behaviorism and Knowledge

170

(6)

A. "Thinking" "Impossible" "Thoughts"?

171

(4)

B. Naturalism and "Knowledge?"

175

(1)

V. Summary

176

(1)

References

177

(3)

7 EMPIRICAL BEHAVIORISM

180

(16)

SIDNEY W. BIJOU

I. Freud and Psychoanalysis

180

(1)

II. Watson and Behaviorism

180

(1)

III. Lewin and Field Theory

181

(1)

IV. Hull-Spence and Learning Theory

182

(2)

V. Skinner and ther Experimental Analysis of Behavior

184

(3)

VI. Empirical Behaviorism: Radical Behaviorism and Interbehaviorism

187

(2)

VII. The Influence of Empirical Behaviorism

189

(1)

VIII. Summary and Conclusion

190

(1)

References

190

(6)

8 TELEOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM

196

(23)

HOWARD RACHLIN

I. Final Causes

196

(4)

A. The Relation of Final Causes to Their Effects

197

(1)

B. Sensation and Imagination in De Anima

198

(2)

II. Causation in Physics

200

(1)

III. Causation in Classical and Modern Psychology

201

(2)

IV. Causation in Skinnerian Psychology

203

(5)

V. Teleological Behaviorism

208

(5)

A. Teleological Behaviorism and Modern Philosophy of Psychology

210

(2)

B. Utility Functions as Final Causes

212

(1)

Acknowledgments

213

(1)

References

213

(6)

9 THEORETICAL BEHAVIORISM

219

(25)

J.E.R. STADDON

I. Cognitive Psychology

219

(5)

A. Philosophical Objections to Cognitive Psychology

221

(2)

B. AI Objections to Cognitivism

223

(1)

II. Theoretical Behaviorism

224

(14)

A. The Model is the Behavior

224

(5)

B. Consciousness

229

(9)

III. Conclusion

238

(1)

Acknowledgments

239

(1)

References

239

(5)

10 BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM

244

(43)

WILLIAM TIMBERLAKE

I. Introduction

244

(2)

A. The Waning Hegonomy of Traditional Behaviorism

244

(1)

B. Biological Behaviorism: An Inclusive Approach

245

(1)

C. Chapter Preview

245

(1)

II. A Brief History of the Study of Behavior

246

(3)

A. Observation and Anthropomorphism

246

(1)

B. Training and Implicit Causal Models

247

(1)

C. Experimental Tests of Causation

248

(1)

III. Strengths and Limitations of Manipulation-Centered Behaviorism

249

(4)

A. Strengths of the Manipulation-Centered Approach

250

(1)

B. Limitations of the Manipulation-Centered Approach

251

(2)

IV. An Animal-Centered Biological Behaviorism

253

(10)

A. Animal-Centered Versus Anthropomorphic Observation

254

(3)

B. Animal-Centered Manipulations

257

(1)

C. An Animal-Centered Approach to Traditional Experimentation

258

(3)

D. Constructing an Animal-Centered Causal System Model

261

(2)

V. The Feeding Behavior System in Rats: A Causal System Model

263

(5)

A. Structure of the Feeding System

264

(3)

B. Regulation of a Behavior System

267

(1)

C. Characteristics of Animal-Centered Causal System Models of Behavior

268

(1)

VI. Biological Behaviorism and Nonperipheral Causation

268

(8)

A. Evolution and Development

269

(1)

B. Physiology

270

(1)

C. Intervening Concepts

271

(2)

D. Mental Life

273

(3)

VII. Summary

276

(1)

References

277

(10)

11 FUNCTIONAL CONTEXTUALISM: A PRAGMATIC PHILOSOPHY FOR BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE

287

(42)

ELIZABETH V. GIFFORD

STEVEN C. HAYES

I. Mechanism and Pragmatism: Basic Definitions

287

(4)

A. Mechanism

287

(1)

B. Historical Traditions in Behaviorism

287

(1)

C. The Core of Pragmatism

288

(2)

D. A Pragmatic Approach to Philosophy of Science

290

(1)

II. Philosophical Inconsistency in Skinner's Writing

291

(3)

A. Dewey's Functional Definition of the Stimulus and Response

292

(1)

B. The Evolution of the Concept of the Stimulus

293

(1)

III. Contextualistic Behaviorism

294

(9)

A. An Interactive, Holistic Unit of Analysis

294

(1)

B. Flexible Units

295

(1)

C. Dynamic Change versus Static Structure

296

(1)

D. Causality and Utility

297

(2)

E. Functional Epistemology

299

(1)

F. Pragmatic Goals of Analysis

300

(1)

G. The Limits of James's Pragmatism

301

(1)

H. Summary

302

(1)

IV. Goals and Contextual Schools

303

(3)

A. Descriptive Contextualism

304

(1)

B. Strengths and Weaknesses

305

(1)

V. Functional Contextualism

306

(7)

A. Strengths

307

(1)

B. Scientific Theory

307

(1)

C. Behavior Analytic Rules for Action

308

(1)

D. Integrating Basic and Applied Research

309

(1)

E. Weakness

310

(1)

F. Contextualism and Relativism

310

(1)

G. Verbal and Nonverbal Justification

311

(2)

H. Summary: Descriptive and Functional Contextualism

313

(1)

VI. Implications of Functional Contextualism: Expanding the Analysis of Private Events

313

(3)

A. Public/Private versus Physical/Mental

314

(1)

B. The Scientific Analysis of Private Events

314

(2)

VII. Criticisms of Functional Contextualism

316

(5)

A. Contextualism's Fidelity to its Assumptions and Promiscuity at Other Levels

317

(1)

B. Recent Criticism within Behavior Analysis

318

(3)

C. Functional Contextualism or Pragmatism?

321

(1)

VIII. Conclusion

321

(1)

References

322

(7)

12 WITTGENSTEIN'S BEHAVIORISM

329

(33)

DAVID BLOOR

I. Introduction

329

(1)

II. Behaviorism as a Family-Resemblance Concept

330

(2)

III. The Case for Behaviorism

332

(3)

IV. Sensations

335

(4)

V. Diaries and Manometers

339

(2)

VI. The Behaviorist Reading

341

(2)

VII. A Problem

343

(1)

VIII. The Institution of Use

344

(4)

IX. The Institution of Pain

348

(2)

X. The Private Diary as an Institution

350

(3)

XI. Assimilating Wittgenstein

353

(3)

XII. Figure and Ground

356

(2)

XIII. Conclusion

358

(1)

References

359

(3)

13 RYLE'S BEHAVIORISM

362

(37)

ULLIN T. PLACE

I. Gilbert Ryle

362

(1)

II. OUR-Behaviorism versus OR-Behaviorism

362

(2)

III. Ryle's Debt to Wittgenstein

364

(5)

A. Philosophy as Linguistic Clarification

365

(1)

B. Logical Grammar

365

(1)

C. Ordinary Language

366

(1)

D. Dispositions

366

(1)

E. Aspect and Ontology

367

(1)

F. Reasons and Causes

368

(1)

IV. What is in Wittgenstein, But Not in Ryle

369

(1)

A. Language Games

369

(1)

B. Linguistic Rules

369

(1)

V. Ryle's Innovations: The Failures

370

(4)

A. "The Ghost in the Machine"

370

(1)

B. Categories, Category Differences, and Category Mistakes

371

(2)

C. "Knowing How" and "Knowing That"

373

(1)

VI. Ryle's Innovations: The Achievements

374

(6)

A. Restricting Conceptual Analysis to On-Duty Sentences

374

(2)

B. The Method of Verification as a Clue to Meaning

376

(2)

C. The Hypothetical Analysis of Dispositional Statements

378

(1)

D. A Comprehensive Survey of Commonsense Psychology

379

(1)

E. Most, But Not All, Ordinary Psychological Concepts are Dispositional

379

(1)

VII. Ryle's Critics

380

(15)

A. Place (1954)

381

(2)

B. Geach (1957)

383

(3)

C. Medlin (1967)

386

(5)

D. Armstrong (1968)

391

(2)

E. Martin (1994)

393

(2)

VIII. Conclusion

395

(2)

References

397

(2)

14 LOGICAL BEHAVIORISM

399

(20)

RICHARD F. KITCHENER

I. Introduction

399

(1)

II. The Varieties of Philosophical Behaviorism

400

(2)

III. Logical Behaviorism and Psychological Behaviorism

402

(1)

IV. Logical Behaviorism and Semantic Behaviorism: Physicalism

403

(2)

V. Is Logical Behaviorism a Behaviorism at All?

405

(2)

VI. The Semantics of Logical Behaviorism

407

(2)

VII. Carnaps's "Naturalistic" Semantics

409

(6)

VIII. Conclusion

415

(1)

References

416

(3)

15 QUINE'S BEHAVIORISM

419

(18)

ROGER E. GIBSON

I. Introduction

419

(1)

II. Stage Setting

420

(2)

III. Quine's Behaviorism/Empiricism

422

(2)

IV. Behaviorism and Philosophy of Language

424

(8)

A. Meaning, Synonymy, and Analyticity

424

(3)

B. Language-Learning

427

(2)

C. Translation and Indeterminacy

429

(3)

V. Philosophy of Mind

432

(2)

VI. Conclusion

434

(1)

References

435

(2)

SUBJECT INDEX

437

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Handbook of Behaviorism

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