Handbook of Digital Forensics of Multimedia Data and Devices

Digital forensics and multimedia forensics are rapidly growing disciplines whereby electronic information is extracted and interpreted for use in a court of law. These two fields are finding increasing importance in law enforcement and the investigation of cybercrime as the ubiquity of personal computing and the internet becomes ever-more apparent. Digital forensics involves investigating computer systems and digital artefacts in general, while multimedia forensics is a sub-topic of digital forensics focusing on evidence extracted from both normal computer systems and special multimedia devices, such as digital cameras.

This book focuses on the interface between digital forensics and multimedia forensics, bringing two closely related fields of forensic expertise together to identify and understand the current state-of-the-art in digital forensic investigation. Both fields are expertly attended to by contributions from researchers and forensic practitioners specializing in diverse topics such as forensic authentication, forensic triage, forensic photogrammetry, biometric forensics, multimedia device identification, and image forgery detection among many others.

Key features:

• Brings digital and multimedia forensics together with contributions from academia, law enforcement, and the digital forensics industry for extensive coverage of all the major aspects of digital forensics of multimedia data and devices
• Provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of digital forensics of multimedia data and devices
• Offers not only explanations of techniques but also real-world and simulated case studies to illustrate how digital and multimedia forensics techniques work
• Includes a companion website hosting continually updated supplementary materials ranging from extended and updated coverage of standards to best practice guides, test datasets and more case studies

List of Contributors xvii

Foreword xix

Preface xxi

Acknowledgements xxvii

PART ONE MULTIMEDIA EVIDENCE HANDLING

1 Digital Forensics Laboratories in Operation: How Are Multimedia Data and Devices Handled? 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Digital and Electronics Forensic Service, Metropolitan Police Service, UK 4

1.3 Digital Forensics Team (Including Affiliated AV Team), Surrey Police, UK 17

1.4 Shanghai Stars Digital Forensic Centre, Third Research Institute of China’s Ministry of Public Security 23

1.5 Discussions 28

1.6 Summary 32

1.A Appendix: Questionnaires for Interviewing Surrey Police and Shanghai Stars Digital Forensic Centre 32

References 34

2 Standards and Best Practices in Digital and Multimedia Forensics 38

2.1 Introduction 38

2.2 Overview 39

2.3 Electronic Evidence and Digital Forensics 48

2.4 Multimedia Evidence and Multimedia Forensics 70

2.5 Digital Forensics Laboratory Accreditation 77

2.6 General Quality Assurance (Management) 79

2.7 Training, Education and Certification on Digital and Multimedia Forensics 81

2.8 Conclusions 84

Acknowledgements 86

References 86

3 A Machine Learning-Based Approach to Digital Triage 94

3.1 Introduction 94

3.2 Related Work on Digital Triage 96

3.3 A Machine Learning-Based Digital Triage Framework 100

3.4 A Child Pornography Exchange Case Study 110

3.5 Conclusion 128

3.6 Challenges and Future Directions for the Digital Forensics Community 128

Acknowledgements 130

References 130

4 Forensic Authentication of Digital Audio and Video Files 133

4.1 Introduction 133

4.2 Examination Requests and Submitted Evidence 134

4.3 Laboratory Space 138

4.4 Laboratory Software and Equipment 138

4.5 Audio/Video Authentication Examinations 147

4.6 Preparation of Work Notes and Laboratory Reports 171

4.7 Expert Testimony 172

4.8 Case Examples 173

4.9 Discussion 177

References 178

PART TWO DIGITAL EVIDENCE EXTRACTION

5 Photogrammetry in Digital Forensics 185

5.1 Introduction 185

5.2 Different Methods 188

5.3 Measurement Uncertainty 194

5.4 Case Studies 195

5.5 3D Modelling/Scenario Testing 212

5.6 Summary 217

References 217

6 Advanced Multimedia File Carving 219

6.1 Introduction 219

6.2 Digtal Data Storage 220

6.3 File Carving of Binary Data 225

6.4 Multimedia Data Structures 226

6.5 File Carving of Multimedia Data 232

6.6 Content Identification 241

6.7 File Carving Frameworks 253

6.8 Conclusions 264

Acknowledgements 265

References 265

7 On Forensic Use of Biometrics 270

7.1 Introduction 270

7.2 Biometrics Performance Metrics 273

7.3 Face: The Natural Means for Human Recognition 274

7.4 Ears as a Means of Forensic Identification 283

7.5 Conclusions 299

References 299

8 Multimedia Analytics for Image Collection Forensics 305

8.1 Introduction 305

8.2 Data and Tasks 308

8.3 Multimedia Analysis 309

8.4 Visual Analytics Processes 312

8.5 ChronoBrowser 313

8.6 MediaTable 320

8.7 An Example Scenario 323

8.8 Future Outlook 325

References 326

PART THREE MULTIMEDIA DEVICE AND SOURCE FORENSICS

9 Forensic Camera Model Identification 331

9.1 Introduction 331

9.2 Forensic Source Identification 333

9.3 Digital Camera Model Identification 337

9.4 Benchmarking Camera Model Identification Algorithms 339

9.5 Model-Specific Characteristics of Digital Camera Components 341

9.6 Black Box Camera Model Identification 351

9.7 Camera Model Identification in Open Sets 364

9.8 Model-Specific Characteristics in Device-Level Identification 366

9.9 Open Challenges Towards Practical Applications 368

References 370

10 Printer and Scanner Forensics 375

10.1 Introduction 375

10.2 Printer Forensics 379

10.3 Scanner Forensics 386

10.4 Photocopier Identification 389

10.5 Forgery Detection for Printed and Scanned Documents 391

10.6 Sample Algorithms with Case Studies 396

10.7 Open Problems and Challenges 406

10.8 Conclusions 408

Acknowledgements 408

References 408

11 Microphone Forensics 411

11.1 Introduction 411

11.2 Pattern Recognition for Microphone Forensics 414

11.3 Guidelines for Microphone Registration 421

11.4 Case Studies 423

11.5 Chapter Summary 435

Acknowledgements 436

References 437

12 Forensic Identification of Printed Documents 442

12.1 Introduction 442

12.2 Special Materials 449

12.3 Substrate Forensics 450

12.4 Print Forensics 455

12.5 Real World Example: Currency Protection 473

12.6 Summary and Ecosystem Considerations 475

References 478

PART FOUR MULTIMEDIA CONTENT FORENSICS

13 Digital Image Forensics with Statistical Analysis 483

13.1 Introduction 483

13.2 Detecting Region Duplication 488

13.3 Exposing Splicing Forgery 500

13.4 Case Studies 508

13.5 Other Applications 512

13.6 Summary 515

References 517

14 Camera-Based Image Forgery Detection 522

14.1 Introduction 522

14.2 Camera Structure 524

14.3 Camera-Based Forgery Detection Methods 535

14.4 Forgery Detection Based on PFA: A Case Study 548

14.5 Conclusion 564

References 565

15 Image and Video Processing History Recovery 572

15.1 Introduction 572

15.2 Coding Artefacts 573

15.3 Editing Artefacts 586

15.4 Estimation of Processing Parameters 590

15.5 Case Studies 601

15.6 Conclusions 605

References 607

16 Anti-Forensics of Multimedia Data and Countermeasures 612

16.1 Introduction 612

16.2 Anti-forensic Approaches Proposed in the Literature 613

16.3 Case Study: JPEG Image Forensics 623

16.4 Trade-off between Forensics and Anti-forensics 644

16.5 Conclusions 647

References 647

Index 653

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