Handbook of Electric Motors

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ISBN: 9780824741051 | 0824741056
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/22/2004

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Presenting current issues in electric motor design, installation, application, and performance, this second edition serves as the most authoritative and reliable guide to electric motor utilization and assessment in the commercial and industrial sectors. Covering topics ranging from motor energy and efficiency to computer-aided design and equipment selection, this reference assists professionals in all aspects of electric motor maintenance, repair, and optimization. It has been expanded by more than 40 percent to explore the most influential technologies in the field including electronic controls, superconducting generators, recent analytical tools, new computing capabilities, and special purpose motors.

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

vii

Acknowledgments

Contributors

xix

Principles of Energy Conversion

(24)

General Background

(2)

Magnetic Materials

(2)

Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials

(1)

Boundary Conditions for B and H

(1)

Some Basic Functions Related to Electromagnetic Fields

(3)

Scalar Potential

(1)

Vector Potential

(1)

Electromagnetic Induction

(1)

Energy in an Electromagnetic Field

(1)

Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance

(1)

Energy Stored in Current-Carrying Coil

(1)

Magnetic Circuits

(6)

Concept of a Magnetic Circuit

(3)

Two-Dimensional Field Problems

(3)

Finite Element Analysis of Magnetic Fields

(6)

Motivation

(1)

Energy Functionals

(1)

Finite Element Formulation

(1)

Boundary Conditions

(1)

Solution Techniques

(2)

Parameters from Fields

(1)

Applications in Two and Three Dimensions

(1)

Finite Elements Compute Equivalent Circuit Parameters

(1)

Finite Elements Directly Compute Motor Performance

(1)

Energy Stored in Magnetically Coupled Multiple-Loop Systems

(1)

Forces and Torques in the System

(4)

References

(2)

Types of Motors and Their Characteristics

(142)

Introduction

(2)

Polyphase Synchronous Motors

(7)

Synchronous Machine Performance Considerations

(3)

Induction Motors---Polyphase and Single-Phase

(23)

General Theory and Definition of Terms Used

(3)

Classification of Motors According to Size

(1)

Power Requirements, Mechanical, and Thermal Design Considerations

(3)

Standard-Efficiency Motors vs. High-Efficiency Motors

(1)

Electrical Design Options---Polyphase

(1)

Electrical Design Options---Single-Phase

(1)

Performance on Variable-Frequency Sources

(3)

Linear Induction Motors

(8)

Doubly Fed Induction Motors

(4)

Direct-Current Motors

(19)

Introduction

(1)

General Description

(4)

Tests

(2)

Shunt Motors

(2)

Series Motors

(2)

Compound-Wound DC Motors

(1)

Permanent Magnet Motors

(2)

Brushless DC Motors

(1)

Ironless Armature DC Motors

(6)

Electric Traction

(32)

Externally Powered Vehicles

(9)

Internal Combustion Powered Vehicles

(7)

Battery Powered Vehicles

(4)

Design Considerations

(11)

Motors For Special Applications

109

(58)

Stepper Motors

109

(14)

400-Hz Motors

123

(3)

Deep Well Turbine Pump Motors

126

(7)

Submersible Motors

133

(1)

Solid-Rotor Induction Motors

134

(8)

Synchronous Reluctance Motors

142

(11)

Aerospace Motors

153

(1)

Superconducting Synchronous Motor

153

(3)

Universal Motors

156

(3)

Line-Start Synchronous Reluctance and Permanent Magnet Motors

159

(1)

Watthour Meters

160

(2)

References

162

(5)

Motor Selection

167

(48)

Standards

168

(13)

Enclosures

168

(7)

Dimensions

175

(1)

Performance

176

(5)

Characteristics of Driven Equipment

181

(3)

Inertial Torques

182

(1)

Viscous Friction Torque

182

(1)

Sticking Friction

182

(1)

Coulomb Friction

183

(1)

Fluid Loads

183

(1)

Unusual Load Situations

183

(1)

Initial Motor Selection

184

(1)

Steady-State Solutions

184

(1)

Dynamic Analysis

184

(1)

Motor Efficiency and Energy Considerations

185

(3)

Efficiency Considerations

185

(3)

Energy Considerations

188

(1)

Payback Analysis and Life-cycle Costing of Motors and Controls

188

(2)

General-Purpose vs. Special Machines

189

(1)

Safety Considerations

190

(1)

Application Information

190

(1)

Installation

190

(1)

How to Specify a Motor

190

(10)

Scope

191

(1)

Codes and Standards

191

(1)

Service Conditions

191

(1)

Starting Requirements

191

(1)

Rating

192

(1)

Construction Features

193

(4)

Accessories

197

(1)

Balance and Vibration

198

(1)

Sound Levels

198

(1)

Paint

198

(1)

Nameplates

198

(1)

Performance Tests

199

(1)

Quality Assurance

199

(1)

Preparation for Shipment and Storage

199

(1)

Data and Drawings

200

(1)

Special Applications

200

(15)

Hermetically Sealed Refrigeration Motors

200

(9)

Selection of DC Motors with Chopper Drives for Battery Powered Vehicles

209

(5)

References

214

(1)

Induction Motor Analysis and Design

215

(84)

Introduction

216

(3)

Induction Motor Field Analysis

219

(37)

Generation of the Rotating Field

219

(4)

Winding of the Stator

223

(14)

Spatial Harmonics in the Field Curve

237

(4)

Reactances of the Induction Motor

241

(4)

Radial Force Waves

245

(2)

Homopolar Flux and Unbalanced Magnetic Pull in the Two-Pole Induction Motor

247

(2)

Tangential Forces Caused by Harmonics

249

(2)

Components of Air Gap Flux Caused by Inverter Supplies

251

(1)

Switching Transients

252

(4)

Rotor Construction

256

(2)

Introduction

256

(1)

Squirrel-Cage Design

257

(1)

Wound-Rotor Design

257

(1)

Induction Motor Equivalent Circuits

258

(3)

Introduction

258

(1)

Steady-State Equivalent Circuit

258

(2)

Transient or Dynamic Equivalent Circuit

260

(1)

Equivalent Circuits For Variable Frequency

261

(2)

Introduction

261

(1)

Rotor Deep-Bar Effect

262

(1)

Solution of Equivalent Circuits

263

(1)

Important Design Equations

263

(8)

Output Equation and Main Dimensions

263

(1)

Design of Stator Winding

264

(1)

Fractional Slot Winding

265

(1)

Squirrel-Cage Rotor Design

265

(6)

Special Induction Motor Designs

271

(6)

Linear Induction Motor Design

271

(2)

Solid-Rotor Induction Motor Design

273

(4)

Mechanical Design

277

(5)

Crawling and Cogging

277

(1)

Vibration and Noise

278

(1)

Lamination Fatigue Mechanisms

279

(3)

Thermal Design

282

(2)

Methods of Cooling

283

(1)

Design of the Ventilation Circuit

284

(1)

Computer-Aided Design of Electric Machines

284

(9)

Why We Need Computers in the Design of Electric Machines

284

(1)

The Nature of the Design Process

285

(1)

Steps Needed to Design an Electric Machine

286

(4)

Examples of Specialized Computer Analysis

290

(2)

Automation of the Design Process

292

(1)

Finite Element Analysis of Induction Motors

293

(6)

Motivation for Induction Motor Finite Element Analysis

293

(1)

Three-Phase Induction Motor Finite Element Analysis

293

(3)

Single-Phase Induction Motor Finite Element Analysis

296

(1)

References

297

(2)

Synchronous Motor Analysis and Design

299

(28)

Introduction

300

(1)

Flux And Flux Distribution

300

(1)

Armature Windings

300

(2)

Armature Inductance

301

(1)

Slot Leakage

301

(1)

Harmonics in the Flux Distribution

302

(1)

Effects of Inverters

302

(1)

Field Windings

302

(1)

Leakage Flux

302

(1)

Field Winding Ampere-Turns

302

(1)

Damper Windings

303

(1)

Leakage Flux

303

(1)

Equivalent Circuits

303

(2)

Steady-State Operation

303

(1)

V-Curves

304

(1)

Equivalent Circuits During Transients

304

(1)

Starting Equivalent Circuits

305

(1)

Linear Synchronous Motors

305

(13)

Definitions, Geometries, and Principle of Operation

305

(1)

Topologies

306

(7)

Performance Calculation

313

(4)

Applications

317

(1)

Design Equations for a Synchronous Machine

318

(3)

Magnetic and Electric Loading

318

(1)

Main Dimensions and Stator Windings

318

(1)

Cylindrical Rotor Design

319

(1)

Salient-Pole Rotors

320

(1)

Field Winding Design

320

(1)

Full-Load Field Ampere-Turns

320

(1)

Machine Oscillations and the Damper Winding

321

(1)

Finite Element Analysis of Synchronous Motors

321

(6)

Advantages of Finite Element Analysis of Synchronous Motors

321

(1)

Motors with Permanent Magnet Rotors

321

(2)

Variable-Reluctance Stepper Motors

323

(1)

Axial Flux Machines

323

(2)

References

325

(2)

Direct-Current Motor Analysis and Design

327

(38)

Introduction

328

(1)

Armature Windings

328

(3)

Wave Windings

328

(1)

Equalizers

328

(1)

Lap Windings

329

(1)

Machines with Reduced Numbers of Slots

330

(1)

Commutators

331

(1)

Commutator Construction

331

(1)

Brushes and Holders

331

(1)

Field Poles and Windings

332

(2)

Pole Laminations

332

(1)

Main Field Windings

332

(1)

Commutating Poles and Windings

332

(1)

Pole Face Windings

333

(1)

Equivalent Circuit

334

(1)

Steady-State Analysis

334

(1)

Transient Analysis

334

(1)

Design Equations

334

(4)

Magnetic Circuit

335

(1)

Saturation

335

(1)

Detailed Magnetic Circuit Calculations

335

(3)

DC Motors In Control Systems

338

(5)

Basic Motor Equations

338

(1)

Basic Mechanical Equation

339

(1)

Block Diagrams

340

(1)

Typical Motor Characteristics and Stability Considerations

341

(1)

Field Control

341

(2)

DC Motors Supplied By Rectifier or Chopper Sources

343

(6)

List of Symbols

343

(1)

Analysis

343

(1)

Rectifier Sources

344

(3)

Chopper Sources

347

(2)

Permanent Magnet DC Motors

349

(5)

Magnetic Materials

349

(2)

Design Features

351

(3)

Servo and Control Motors

354

(1)

Finite Element Analysis of DC Motors

354

(11)

Advantages of FEA of DC Motors

354

(1)

Permanent Magnet Brush DC Motors

355

(1)

Magnetization of Permanent Magnets

355

(1)

Wound-Field Brush DC Motors

356

(1)

Universal Motors

356

(8)

References

364

(1)

Testing For Performance

365

(42)

Introduction

366

(1)

Polyphase Induction Motor Testing

366

(5)

Electrical Test Standards

366

(1)

Types of Tests

366

(3)

Sample Calculations

369

(1)

Variation in Testing

369

(2)

Miscellaneous Tests

371

(1)

Single-Phase Induction Motors

371

(3)

Electrical Test Standards

371

(1)

Types of Tests

371

(1)

Choices of Tests

371

(1)

Variations Due to Uncontrolled Factors

372

(1)

Curve Fitting of Performance Data

373

(1)

Miscellaneous Tests

373

(1)

Synchronous Motor Tests

374

(17)

Electrical Test Standards

374

(1)

Types of Tests

374

(14)

Choices of Tests

388

(1)

Variations Due to Uncontrolled Factors

388

(1)

Curve Fitting of Performance Data

388

(2)

Miscellaneous Tests

390

(1)

DC Motor Tests

391

(3)

Electrical Test Standards

391

(1)

Preparation for Tests

391

(1)

Performance Tests

392

(1)

Special Tests

393

(1)

Hermetically Sealed Refrigeration Motors

394

(3)

Electrical Test Standards

394

(1)

Types of Tests

394

(1)

Choices of Tests

394

(2)

Variations Due to Uncontrolled Factors

396

(1)

Curve Fitting of Performance Data

397

(1)

Miscellaneous Tests

397

(1)

Specialty Testing

397

(3)

Induction Motor Stators

397

(1)

Induction Motor Rotors

398

(2)

Permanent Magnet Motors

400

(1)

Selection and Application of Test Equipment

400

(7)

Reasons for Testing

400

(1)

Functional Specifications of Test Equipment

400

(1)

Recommended Steps in Purchasing Test Equipment

401

(1)

Types of Tests

401

(1)

Types of Data Recording Devices

401

(1)

Mechanical and Electrical Loading Devices

402

(1)

Instrumentation

403

(1)

References

404

(3)

Motor Insulation Systems

407

(24)

Introduction

407

(3)

Insulation and Ratings

408

(1)

Influence of Insulation on Motor Efficiency

408

(1)

Influence of Insulation on Motor Life

408

(1)

Random- and Form-Wound Motors

409

(1)

Random-Wound Motors

410

(6)

Insulation System of Random-Wound Motors

410

(2)

Insulation Testing of Random-Wound Motors

412

(3)

Causes of Insulation Failure

415

(1)

Form-Wound Motors

416

(11)

Insulation Systems

416

(3)

Factors Affecting Insulation System Design

419

(3)

Insulation Testing

422

(5)

Effect of Inverter Drives on Stator Insulation

427

(4)

Surge Voltage Environment

427

(1)

Distribution of Voltage Surges within Stator Windings

428

(1)

Mechanisms of Insulation Deterioration

429

(1)

References

429

(1)

General References

430

(1)

Motor Control

431

(84)

Introduction

432

(1)

Induction Motors

432

(43)

Electrical Voltage Surges

432

(5)

Voltage Drop During Start-up

437

(10)

Starting Torque Characteristics

447

(4)

Reduced Starting Duty Schemes

451

(5)

Accelerating Torque and Multispeed Applications

456

(5)

Starting Duty Thermal Limitations

461

(3)

Miscellaneous Induction Motor Starting Topics

464

(3)

Bus Transfer and Reclosing of Induction Machines

467

(6)

Induction Motor Speed Control

473

(1)

Induction Motor Braking

474

(1)

Direct-Current Motors

475

(7)

DC Motor Starting

475

(2)

DC Motor Speed Control

477

(3)

Braking of Direct-Current Motors

480

(2)

General Considerations Concerning Solid-State Converters and Controllers

482

(1)

Converters

482

(1)

Controllers

483

(1)

Power Electronic Devices

483

(5)

Diodes

484

(1)

Thyristors

484

(1)

Gate Turn-Off Thyristors

485

(1)

Bipolar Transistors

486

(1)

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors

487

(1)

Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors

488

(1)

Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor

488

(1)

Converter Circuits

488

(10)

Rectifier Circuits

489

(3)

Cycloconverters

492

(1)

Chopper Circuits

493

(1)

Six-Step Inverters

493

(2)

Pulse-Width Modulation Inverters

495

(3)

Multilevel Converters

498

(1)

Controllers

498

(2)

Open- And Closed-Loop Control of a Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor

500

(15)

Open-Loop Operation of the Stepper Motor

501

(2)

Closed-Loop Control of a Stepper Motor

503

(6)

Experimental Results

509

(2)

References

511

(4)

Motor Protection

515

(32)

Overview

Introduction

516

(1)

Protection Against Overloads

516

(4)

Fuses

517

(1)

Thermal Overload Relays

517

(1)

Switchgear-Type Thermal Relays

517

(1)

Imbedded Temperature Detectors

517

(1)

Microprocessor Motor Protection Relays

518

(2)

Damper Bar Protection

520

(1)

Special Current Detection

520

(1)

Pull-Out Protection

520

(1)

Unbalanced Voltage Protection

520

(1)

Phase Loss Relays

521

(1)

Negative-Sequence Voltage Relays

521

(1)

Current Unbalance Relays

521

(1)

Microprocessor Devices

521

(1)

Protection For Internal Electrical Failures

521

(1)

Stator Insulation Failure Protection

521

(1)

Microprocessor Protection for Internal Faults

522

(1)

Selection of Switching Devices

522

(1)

Contactors

522

(1)

Electrically Operated Circuit Breakers

522

(1)

Mechanical Protection

523

(1)

Vibration Detectors

523

(1)

Bearing Temperature Monitors

523

(1)

Microprocessor Protection

524

(1)

Accessories

524

(1)

Filters

524

(1)

Ventilation Opening Guards

524

(1)

Space Heaters

524

(1)

Fuses and Protection Coordination

Introduction

524

(8)

Single-Element Fuses

525

(1)

Protection Coordination with Single-Element Fuses

525

(2)

Dual-Element Fuses

527

(1)

Protection Coordination with Dual-Element Fuses

528

(1)

Single-Phasing Protection

529

(3)

Bimetallic Thermal Protectors

Introduction

532

(10)

Definitions

532

(1)

Typical Devices

533

(2)

Considerations in Device Selection

535

(1)

Selection of Bimetallic Thermal Protectors for Shaded-Pole, Permanent-Split Capacitor, and Other Slow Heat Rise Single- Phase Motors

536

(1)

Selection of Bimetallic Thermal Protectors for Single-Voltage Split-Phase, Capacitor-Start, Capacitor-Start/Capacitor-Run, and Other Single-Phase Motors

537

(3)

Selection of Bimetallic Thermal Protectors for Dual-Voltage Split-Phase, Capacitor-Start, Capacitor-Start/Capacitor-Run Single-Phase Motors

540

(1)

Selection of Bimetallic Thermal Protectors for Three-Phase Motors

541

(1)

Testing Agency Requirements For Motor Thermal Protectors

542

(1)

General

542

(1)

Protection Types

542

(1)

Test Voltages and Frequencies

542

(1)

Protector Calibration Ranges

543

(1)

Temperature Measurements

543

(1)

Ambient Temperature

543

(1)

Multispeed Motors

543

(1)

Motor Mountings

543

(1)

Performance Requirements and Tests

543

(4)

Running Heating Tests

543

(1)

Running Overload Tests

543

(1)

Locked-Rotor Tests

544

(1)

Locked-Rotor Endurance Test

544

(1)

Dielectric Tests

544

(1)

Limited Short-Circuit Tests

544

(1)

References

545

(2)

Mechanical Considerations

547

(70)

Noise

548

(18)

Noises of Electromagnetic Origin

551

(3)

Influence of Motor Configuration and Design

554

(1)

Regulation of Noise: Typical Levels

555

(5)

Reduction of Noise Levels: Special Treatment

560

(1)

Experimental Investigation of Noise

561

(5)

Vibration

566

(9)

Vibration Measurement and Evaluation

568

(3)

Housing and Shaft Vibration

571

(1)

Mounting

572

(1)

Variable-Speed Motors

572

(1)

Standards

573

(2)

Balancing the Rotor

575

(1)

Rigid Rotors

575

(1)

Flexible Rotors

575

(1)

Unbalance Quality

576

(1)

Bearings

576

(20)

Sleeve Bearings

576

(15)

Antifriction Bearings

591

(5)

Brushes

596

(6)

Introduction

596

(1)

Grade Characteristic Definitions

597

(4)

Specialty Brushes

601

(1)

Summary

602

(1)

Motor Handling, Mounting, and Mechanical Connection

602

(15)

Motor Handling

602

(1)

Motor Mounting Dimensions

603

(7)

Shaft Connections---Belts

610

(3)

Shaft Connections---Chain and Sprocket Drives and Flat Belt Drives

613

(1)

Shaft Connections---Couplings

613

(1)

Shaft Connections---Splines

614

(1)

Initial Operation

614

(1)

References

614

(3)

Environmental Considerations

617

(38)

Introduction

618

(1)

Heat Transfer

619

(7)

Modes of Heat Transfer

620

(3)

Ventilation

623

(3)

Cooling of Basic Motor Types

626

(2)

Induction Motors

626

(1)

Synchronous Motors

627

(1)

DC Motors

627

(1)

Special Cooling

627

(1)

Enclosures

628

(1)

IEC Enclosures

628

(1)

NEMA Enclosures

628

(1)

Thermal Circuits

629

(7)

Steady-State Circuits

630

(2)

Time-Varying Circuits

632

(1)

Simplified Circuits

633

(3)

Duty Cycles

636

(3)

RMS Loading Analysis

636

(2)

Time-Constant Analysis

638

(1)

Ambient and Environmental Effects

639

(5)

Ambient Temperature

640

(1)

Altitude

640

(1)

Moisture

641

(1)

Solid Contaminants

641

(1)

Chemicals

642

(1)

Hazardous Locations

642

(1)

Seismic Activity

643

(1)

Nuclear Plant Safety

643

(1)

Power System Quality

644

(11)

Parameters of Power System Quality

644

(6)

Adjustable Speed Drives

650

(3)

References

653

(2)

Reliability

655

(38)

Reliability of Large Motors

656

(4)

Introduction

656

(1)

IEEE 1983--1985 Survey

656

(1)

Failure Rate and Downtime Data

656

(1)

Data on Failed Components

657

(1)

Causes of Failure

658

(1)

Comparison: 1973--1974 and 1983--1985 IEEE Surveys

659

(1)

Comparison: AIEE 1962 and 1983--1985 IEEE Surveys

659

(1)

Comparison: 1983 EPRI and 1983--1985 IEEE Surveys

660

(1)

Reliability of Antifriction Bearings

660

(3)

Failure Modes of Rolling Bearings

660

(2)

Damage Progression to Failure

662

(1)

Statistical Variation of Bearing Life

663

(1)

Guidelines for Successful Commutation and Brush Operation

663

(6)

Summary

663

(1)

Introduction

663

(1)

Acceptable Commutator Conditions

663

(1)

Destructive Commutator Conditions

664

(5)

Conclusion

669

(1)

Reference Note

669

(1)

Monitoring For Signs of Wearout

669

(3)

Introduction

669

(1)

On-Line Tests

669

(1)

Off-Line Tests

670

(2)

Continuous (On-Line) or Periodic (Off-Line)?

672

(1)

Reliability Impact of Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs) On Bearings

672

(18)

Introduction

672

(1)

Bearing Current Induced by Supply Voltage

673

(4)

An Equivalent Circuit for Bearing Displacement and EDM Currents

677

(11)

Methods to Mitigate Bearing Currents and Their Cost

688

(2)

Reliability Impact of Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs) on Insulation

690

(3)

References

690

(3)

Maintenance

693

(38)

Lubrication

694

(4)

Lubrication and Maintenance of Sleeve Bearings

694

(1)

Lubrication and Maintenance of Antifriction Bearings

694

(4)

Implementation of a Reliability Based Maintenance Program

698

(2)

Maintenance and Repair of Commutators

700

(2)

Causes of Poor Commutation

701

(1)

Ordering New Parts

702

(1)

Brush Replacement

702

(2)

Introduction

702

(1)

When to Replace Brushes

702

(1)

Installation of Brushes

702

(2)

Summary

704

(1)

Maintenance and Repair of Windings

704

(15)

Installation of New Equipment

704

(1)

Establishing a Maintenance Schedule

705

(1)

Choosing Test Equipment

705

(2)

Performing Preventative Maintenance

707

(4)

Evaluating Winding Failures

711

(4)

Choosing Repair Facilities

715

(1)

Selecting Repair Methods

716

(2)

Testing Repaired Windings

718

(1)

Evaluating Repaired Equipment

718

(1)

General References on Maintenance and Repair of Windings

719

(1)

Core Testing

719

(12)

Loop Test Physical Arrangement

719

(1)

Thermovision Monitoring During the Loop Test

720

(1)

Other Core Test Factors

721

(1)

Core Hot Spot Repairs

721

(1)

EL CID Test

721

(6)

References

727

(4)

Electronic Motors

731

(48)

Alternating Current Motor Speed Control

732

(27)

Introduction

732

(1)

Thyristor-Based Voltage-Controlled Drives

733

(3)

Thyristor-Based Load-Commutated Inverter Synchronous Motor Drives

736

(4)

Transistor-Based Variable-Frequency Induction Motor Drives

740

(6)

Field Orientation

746

(6)

Induction Motor Observer

752

(2)

Permanent Magnet Alternating Current Machine Control

754

(5)

Switched-Reluctance Machines

759

(4)

Definition, History, and Properties

759

(1)

Theory of Operation

760

(3)

Controller Architecture

763

(1)

Applications

763

(1)

Brushless DC Motors

763

(12)

Introduction

763

(1)

Rotor Construction

764

(1)

Magnets and the Magnetic Circuit

765

(3)

Armature Windings

768

(1)

Torque Analysis

769

(1)

Voltage Analysis

770

(1)

Equivalent Circuit

770

(1)

Motor Drive Circuit

770

(1)

Performance

771

(1)

References

772

(3)

Appendixes

A Equivalent Units

775

(2)

B Association and Institute Addresses

777

(2)

Index

779

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Handbook of Electric Motors

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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