Handbook of Fiber Finish Technology

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ISBN: 9780824700485 | 0824700481
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/9/1997

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Discusses the components of textile finishes & the chemical & physical properties of, as well as their effects on, various fibers. Covers the fundamentals of fiber finish science, such as theories of friction; laboratory testing of formulations from preliminary component evaluation to analyses for material characterization; the influence of wetting, emulsification, & finish distribution on coatings; & more.

Preface

iii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

(6)

1.1 Art and Technology

(1)

1.2 Requirements for Spin Finishes

(2)

1.3 Components in Spin Finishes

(1)

References

(1)

CHAPTER 2. TENSION, FRICTION, AND LUBRICATION

(24)

2.1 General Mechanism of Friction

(3)

2.2 Polymer Friction

(3)

2.3 Fiber Friction

(15)

2.3.1 Introduction

(2)

2.3.2 Boundary Friction

(4)

2.3.3 Hydrodynamic Friction

(3)

2.3.4 Influence of Yarn Attributes, Finishing Agents, and Contact Surfaces on Friction

(5)

2.3.5 Relationships Among Friction and Other Yarn and Fabric Properties

(1)

References

(3)

CHAPTER 3. LABORATORY TESTING AND COMPONENT PROPERTIES

(40)

3.1 Preliminary Component Evaluation

(6)

3.1.1 Thermal Stability

(5)

3.1.2 Viscosity

(1)

3.2 Laboratory Testing of Yarn With Finish

(17)

3.2.1 Very Slow Speed Fiber to Fiber Friction

(3)

3.2.2 High Speed Friction

(3)

3.2.3 Static Electricity and Finish Level on Fiber

(2)

3.2.4 Wicking

(3)

3.2.5 Surface Energy

(1)

3.2.6 Wettability Scanning and Finish Distribution

(1)

3.2.7 Finish Absorption Into Yarn

(2)

3.2.8 Amount of Finish on Yarn

(2)

3.3 Specification Analyses

(7)

3.3.1 Saponification Value (Number)

(1)

3.3.2 Acid Value (Number)

(1)

3.3.3 Hydroxyl Value (Number)

(1)

3.3.4 Iodine Value

(1)

3.3.5 Other Specification Analyses

(2)

3.4 Analyses for Material Characterization

(3)

References

(7)

CHAPTER 4. YARN TO HARD SURFACE LUBRICANTS FOR FIBER FINISHES

(58)

4.1 Water-Insoluble Lubricants

(42)

4.1.1 Petroleum Based Lubricants

(1)

4.1.2 Natural Product Glycerides and Esters

(27)

4.1.2.1 Esters of Myristic Acid

(3)

4.1.2.2 Esters of Palmitic Acid

(4)

4.1.2.3 Esters of Stearic Acid

(10)

4.1.2.4 Esters of Oleic Acid

(4)

4.1.2.5 Coconut Oil and Esters of Coconut Fatty Acids

(5)

4.1.3 Esters of Synthetic Monocarboxylic Acids

100

(6)

4.1.4 Esters of Synthetic Dicarboxylic Acids

106

(2)

4.1.5 Polymers

108

(3)

4.1.6 Silicones

111

(3)

4.2 Water-Soluble Lubricants

114

(8)

References

122

(7)

CHAPTER 5. COHESIVE AGENTS AND FIBER TO FIBER LUBRICANTS

129

(56)

5.1 Attractive Forces at Interfaces

129

(3)

5.2 Finish Components Affecting Fiber Cohesion

132

(4)

5.3 Nonionic Surfactants as Cohesive Agents

136

(27)

5.3.1 Alcohol Ether Ethoxylates

136

(10)

5.3.2 Derivatives of Alcohol Ether Ethoxylates

146

(3)

5.3.3 Ethoxylated Fatty Acids and Polyethylene Glycol Acid Esters

149

(9)

5.3.4 Derivatives of Fatty Acid Esters of Ethylene Oxide

158

(5)

5.4 Fiber Lubricants and Softeners

163

(16)

5.4.1 Fatty Acid Ethoxylates as Fiber Lubricants

164

(9)

5.4.2 Softeners and Softener Bases

173

(6)

References

179

(6)

CHAPTER 6. EMULSIFIERS

185

(88)

6.1 Particle Size

186

(5)

6.2 Zeta Potential

191

(2)

6.3 HLB Concept

193

(6)

6.3.1 The Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) of Surfactants

193

(1)

6.3.2 Determination of HLB

194

(3)

6.3.3 HLB of Cohesive Agents

197

(2)

6.4 Surfactants Used as Emulsifiers

199

(62)

6.4.1 Soaps

199

(1)

6.4.2 Alcohol Ether Ethoxylates

199

(9)

6.4.3 Ethoxylated Alkylphenols

208

(11)

6.4.4 Ethoxylated Glycerides

219

(9)

6.4.5 Ethoxylated Fatty Acids

228

(8)

6.4.6 Ethoxylated Sorbitol Esters

236

(2)

6.4.7 Sorbitan Esters and Ethoxylated Sorbitan Esters

238

(10)

6.4.8 Alkyl Polyglycosides

248

(1)

6.4.9 Ethoxylated Alkylamines

249

(12)

References

261

(12)

CHAPTER 7. ANTISTATS

273

(46)

7.1 Technical Background

273

(12)

7.1.1 Conductivity of Polymers and Fibers

279

(4)

7.1.2 Conductivity Through Antistatic Agents

283

(2)

7.2 Measurement of Static Electricity

285

(9)

7.2.1 Resistivity

285

(1)

7.2.2 Fabric to Metal Cling Test

286

(1)

7.2.3 Sail Test

287

(1)

7.2.4 The Ash Test

287

(1)

7.2.5 Hayek-Chromey Wheel

288

(2)

7.2.6 The Static Honestometer

290

(1)

7.2.7 Rothschild Static Voltmeter

291

(3)

7.3 Chemicals Used as Antistatic Finish Components

294

(2)

7.3.1 Quaternary Amines

294

(1)

7.3.2 Alcohol Phosphates

295

(1)

7.4 Commercial Antistatic Agents

296

(18)

7.4.1 Quaternary Amines

296

(2)

7.4.2 Phosphate Esters

298

(16)

7.4.2.1 Aliphatic Alcohol Phosphates, Free Acids

299

(3)

7.4.2.2 Aliphatic Alcohol Phosphates, Potassium Salts

302

(1)

7.4.2.3 Polyoxyethylene Aliphatic Alcohol Phosphates, Free Acids

303

(6)

7.4.2.4 Polyoxyethylene Aliphatic Alcohol Phosphates, Potassium Salts

309

(5)

7.5 Other Antistatic Agents

314

(1)

References

314

(5)

CHAPTER 8. OTHER FINISH ADDITIVES: ANTIOXIDANTS, DEFOAMERS, ANTIMICROBIALS, AND WETTING AGENTS

319

(66)

8.1 Antioxidants

319

(16)

8.1.1 Initiation and Initiation Inhibitors

321

(6)

8.1.2 Propagation and Propagation Inhibitors

327

(5)

8.1.3 Synergism

332

(1)

8.1.4 Photooxidation and Stabilization

332

(1)

8.1.5 Lubricant and Fuel Stabilization

333

(1)

8.1.6 Vitamins and Antioxidants in Food

333

(2)

8.2 Defoamers

335

(8)

8.2.1 Foaming and Chemical Structure

336

(1)

8.2.2 Chemical Structure of Antifoaming Agents

337

(3)

8.2.3 Commercial Antifoaming Agents

340

(3)

8.3 Antimicrobials

343

(9)

8.4 Wetting and Wetting Agents

352

(25)

8.4.1 Contact Angle

355

(1)

8.4.2 Thermodynamics of Wetting

356

(2)

8.4.3 The Effects of Surfactants on Wetting and Spreading

358

(6)

8.4.4 Fiber, Yarn, and Textile Wetting

364

(3)

8.4.5 Commercially Available Wetting Agents

367

(10)

References

377

(8)

CHAPTER 9. SOIL-AND STAIN-RESISTANT TEXTILE FINISHES

385

(64)

9.1 Soiling and Soil-Resistant Finishes

385

(31)

9.1.1 Types of Soil and the Character of Soiling

387

(2)

9.1.2 Measurement of Textile Soiling

389

(3)

9.1.3 Effect of Fiber, Yarn, and Fabric Structure on Soiling

392

(1)

9.1.4 Fiber Surface Properties Affecting Soiling

393

(2)

9.1.5 Soil-Resistant Finishes for Fibers and Textiles

395

(21)

9.1.5.1 Metal Oxides and Salts for Fabric Treatment

396

(1)

9.1.5.2 Carboxymethyl Cellulose Finishes for Soil Resistance

397

(1)

9.1.5.3 Acrylic and Vinyl Polymer Soil-Repellant Finishes

397

(2)

9.1.5.4 Silicone Soil-Resistant Finishes

399

(2)

9.1.5.5 Fluorochemical Compounds Affecting Textile Soiling

401

(14)

9.1.5.6 Miscellaneous Chemicals Affecting Fabric Soiling

415

(1)

9.2 Staining and Stain-Resistant Finishes

416

(21)

9.2.1 Types of Staining Materials

417

(3)

9.2.2 Laboratory Evaluation of Carpet Staining

420

(2)

9.2.3 Chemicals Used as Stain-Resistant Additives

422

(11)

9.2.4 Yarn Processing and Procedures for Stainblocker Application

433

(1)

9.2.5 Mechanism of Stainblocking

434

(3)

References

437

(12)

CHAPTER 10. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION OF FINISH MATERIALS

449

(30)

10.1 Water Resources

450

(1)

10.2 Water Pollution

451

(1)

10.3 Dissolved Oxygen

452

(2)

10.4 Oxidation of Organic Matter

454

(4)

10.5 Prediction of Waste Degradation

458

(5)

10.5.1 Nonspecific Methods

458

(4)

10.5.1.1 Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)

458

(1)

10.5.1.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

459

(1)

10.5.1.3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

460

(1)

10.5.1.4 River Die-Away Test

461

(1)

10.5.2 Specific Methods

462

(1)

10.6 Degradation of Specific Chemicals

463

(13)

10.6.1 Mineral Oils and Other Petroleum Products

464

(1)

10.6.2 Esters

465

(1)

10.6.3 Nonionic Surfactants

466

(10)

References

476

(3)

AUTHOR INDEX

479

(8)

SUBJECT INDEX

487

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