Handbook of Flow Visualization

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ISBN: 9781560324171 | 1560324171
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/27/2001

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With contributions from some of the world's leading experts, the second edition of this classic reference compiles all major techniques of flow visualization and demonstrates their applications in all fields of science and technology. A new chapter has been added that covers flow visualization applications in large wide tunnels for airplane and automobile testing. Several important examples of applications are included. A second new chapter details the use of infrared (IR) cameras for detecting and observing the boundary layer transition in industrial wind tunnels and flight testing of commercial transport airplanes. A final new chapter has been added on multiphase flow and pulsed-light velocimetry.

Part 1 Fundamentals

Introduction

(6)

Wen-Jei Yang

Fluid Dynamics

(22)

Tsuyoshi Asanuma

Yoshimichi Tanida

Introduction

(1)

Nature of Fluid

(2)

Fundamentals of Fluid Motion

(2)

Boundary Layers

(4)

Compressible Flows

(7)

Flows under Buoyancy Effects

(2)

Basic Items Related to Flow Visualizaion

(5)

References

(2)

Heat and Mass Transfer Fundamentals for Flow Visualization

(12)

Wen-Jei Yang

Introduction

(1)

Transport Properties

(1)

Transport-Rate Equations

(1)

Energy Balance Equation

(1)

Conduction

(1)

Boundary Layers

(1)

Convection

(1)

Radiation

(3)

Mass Transfer

(5)

References

(4)

Part 2 Methods

Liquids

(4)

H. Werle

Gases: Smokes

(20)

Thomas J. Mueller

Introduction

(1)

Equipment and Techniques

(8)

Examples of Smoke Visualization

(8)

Concluding Remarks

(3)

References

(3)

Spark Tracing and Electric Discharge

(32)

Y. Nakayama

Spark-Tracing Method

(17)

Electric-Discharge Method

(15)

References

(3)

Surface Tracing Methods

(12)

R. Reznicek

Introduction

(1)

The Use of Surface-Tracing Methods for Visualization of Liquid Flow

100

(2)

The Use of Surface-Tracing Methods for Visualization of Gas Flow

102

(9)

References

109

(2)

Liquid Crystals

111

(20)

N. Kasagi

R. J. Moffat

M. Hirata

Introduction

111

(1)

Physical and Chemical Properties

112

(2)

Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Applications

114

(4)

Applications

118

(4)

Digital Image Processing

122

(6)

Conclusion

128

(3)

References

128

(3)

Tufts

131

(50)

J. P. Crowder

Introduction

131

(4)

History

135

(1)

Fundamentals

136

(29)

Application Examples

165

(13)

Conclusions

178

(3)

References

178

(3)

Streaming Birefringence

181

(4)

W. Merzkirch

Optical Deflectometry by Speckle Photography

185

(10)

W. Merzkirch

Introduction

185

(1)

Experimental Arrangement

185

(4)

Laminar Flow

189

(1)

Three-Dimensional Flow

190

(1)

Turbulent Flow

190

(5)

References

193

(2)

Showdowgraph and Schlieren

195

(14)

Michel Philbert

Jean Surget

Claude Veret

Light Propagation in a Heterogeneous Medium

195

(1)

Optical Visualization Methods

195

(8)

Main Optical Arrangements Used for Flow Visualization in Wind Tunnels

203

(2)

Use of Optical Methods in Fluid Mechanics

205

(4)

References

207

(2)

Interferometry

209

(8)

Michel Philbert

Jean Surget

Claude Veret

Introduction

209

(1)

Description

209

(5)

Implementation of Interferometry in Wind Tunnels

214

(1)

Interferogram Data Processing

215

(2)

References

215

(2)

Light Sheet Technique

217

(8)

Michel Philbert

Jean Surget

Claude Veret

Introduction

217

(1)

Description

217

(2)

Applications to Flow Visualization

219

(3)

Slit--Incandescent Light Sheet Technique

222

(3)

References

223

(2)

Planar Fluorescence Imaging in Gases

225

(16)

Ronald K. Hanson

Jerry M. Seitzman

Introduction

225

(1)

Laser-Induced Fluorescence

226

(8)

Trends in Planar Imaging of Gases

234

(7)

References

236

(5)

Part 3 Image Processing and Computer-Assisted Methods

Digital Processing of Interferograms

241

(26)

Giovanni Maria Carlomagno

Armando Rapillo

Introduction

243

(1)

Image Acquisition

243

(5)

Interferogram Evaluation

248

(8)

Applications

256

(11)

References

265

(2)

Optical Image Processing

267

(16)

Lambertus Hesselink

Introduction

267

(1)

Concepts of Modern Optics

267

(5)

Examples of Fraunhofer Diffraction

272

(2)

Modern Interpretation of Classical Instruments and Optical Processors

274

(3)

Principles of Speckle Velocimetry

277

(6)

References

282

(1)

Ultrasonic Image Processing

283

(12)

Michiyoshi Kuwahara

Shigeru Eiho

Kunihiro Chihara

Introduction

283

(1)

Automatic Analysis of M-Mode Echocardiograms

283

(1)

Automatic Analysis of 2-D Echocardiograms

284

(3)

A Microcomputerized Image Processor for 2-D Echocardiography

287

(3)

An Intracardiac Blood-Flow Image

290

(5)

References

294

(1)

Cardiac Image Processing

295

(16)

Shigeru Eiho

Michiyoshi Kuwahara

Introduction

295

(1)

Image Processing of Cineangiocardiograms

295

(5)

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Left Ventrickle

300

(11)

References

309

(2)

Optical Tomography

311

(22)

Lambertus Hesselink

Introduction

311

(2)

Algebraic Reconstruction Technique

313

(1)

Fourier Transform Approach

314

(1)

Back Projection

314

(1)

Filtered Back Projection

315

(1)

Implementation

316

(12)

Evaluation of Optical Tomography in Flow Applications

328

(5)

References

330

(3)

Thermography

333

(22)

R. Monti

Introduction

333

(1)

Basic Principles of Noninvasive Surface Temperature Measurement Systems

334

(1)

Types of Thermographs

335

(1)

Modern Systems and Trends

336

(4)

Surface Temperature Measurement

340

(2)

Flow Visualization

342

(10)

Other Applications

352

(3)

References

354

(1)

Flow Solutions

355

(8)

Robert E. Smith

Robert A. Kudlinski

Introduction

355

(1)

Computational Fluid Dynamics and Grids

355

(1)

Computer-Generated Imagery and Flow-Field Visualization

356

(1)

Scalar Variable Presentation

357

(2)

Workstation-Interactive Flow Visualization

359

(1)

Hard-Copy Devices

360

(1)

Conclusions

361

(2)

References

361

(2)

Flow-Field Survey Data

363

(12)

Allen E. Winkelmann

Introduction

363

(1)

Description of Technique

364

(4)

Typical Applications

368

(7)

References

373

(2)

Computer-Aided Flow Visualization

375

(20)

C. R. Smith

Introduction

375

(1)

Image Enhancement

375

(8)

Image Reconstruction

383

(3)

Image Synthesis

386

(9)

References

389

(6)

Part 4 Applications

Aerospace and Wind Tunnel Testing

395

(14)

G. S. Settles

Introduction

395

(1)

Wind Tunnel Testing

395

(6)

Other Aerospace Testing

401

(8)

References

404

(5)

Smoke Flow Visualization in Large Wind Tunnels and Flight Testing Using the Flying-Strut Traverser

409

(8)

James P. Crowder

Introduction

409

(1)

Flying-Strut Traverser

409

(2)

Smoke Generator

411

(2)

Visibility

413

(1)

Application Examples

414

(1)

Concluding Remarks

415

(2)

References

415

(2)

Infrared Cameras for Boundary Layer Transition Visualization in Industrial Wind Tunnel and Flight Testing

417

(6)

James P. Crowder

Introduction

417

(1)

Fundamentals

418

(3)

Application Examples

421

(1)

Concluding Remarks

422

(1)

References

422

(1)

Water Tunnel Testing

423

(6)

H. Werle

Types of Water Tunnel Setups

423

(1)

Examples of Applications

423

(6)

References

427

(2)

Internal Flows

429

(44)

K. C. Cheng

Introduction

429

(1)

Historical Perspective

429

(6)

Flow Phenomena in Internal Flows and Flow Visualization Techniques

435

(10)

Examples of Applications

445

(14)

Concluding Remarks

459

(14)

References

463

(10)

Vortices

473

(22)

Peter Freymuth

Introduction

473

(1)

Conceptual Roots of Vortex Structures

473

(3)

Vortex Interactions

476

(5)

The Choreographic Organization of Vortex Patterns

481

(10)

Tapestries of Vortex Patterns

491

(1)

Three-Dimensional Vortices

492

(1)

Conclusion

492

(3)

References

492

(3)

Explosive Flows: Shock Tubes and Blast Waves

495

(20)

John M. Dewey

Introduction

495

(1)

Shock Tubes

495

(6)

Blast Waves

501

(5)

Cameras and Light Sources

506

(1)

Analysis

506

(3)

Future Developments

509

(6)

References

509

(6)

Interferometry in Heat and Mass Transfer on Earth and in Space

515

(14)

J. Koster

R. Owen

Background

515

(2)

Conventional Earth-based Applications

517

(3)

Low-Gravity Research Applications

520

(9)

References

525

(4)

Double-Diffusive Convection

529

(18)

Josef Tanny

A. B. Tsinober

Introduction

529

(1)

Optical Methods

530

(6)

Marker Methods

536

(2)

Particle Methods

538

(4)

Summary

542

(5)

References

544

(3)

Infrared Thermography in Convective Heat Transfer

547

(30)

Giovanni Maria Carlomagno

Luigi de Luca

Basic Principles of Infrared Thermography

547

(4)

The Computerized IR Imaging System

551

(1)

The Use of IRSR to Measure Convective Heat Fluxes

552

(2)

Frequency Response of One-Dimensional Heat-Flux Sensors

554

(2)

Application of IRSR to Quasisteady Techniques

556

(1)

Application of IRSR to Transient Techniques

557

(1)

Measuring Heat Transfer in Wind Tunnels

558

(11)

Flow Visualizations and Heat Transfer Measurements

569

(8)

Nomenclature

570

(3)

References

573

(4)

Multiphase Flow and Pulsed-Light Velocimetry

577

(6)

Wen-Jei Yang

Introduction

577

(1)

Pulsed-Light Velocimetry

577

(1)

Multiphase Flow

577

(6)

References

582

(1)

Gas Turbine Disk Cooling Flows

583

(22)

J. R. Pincombe

Introduction

583

(2)

Experimental Apparatus

585

(2)

The Flow Around an Air-Cooled Turbine Disk

587

(3)

The Flow Around Air-Cooled, Co-Rotating Compressor Disks

590

(3)

The Flow Around Air-Cooled, Co-Rotating Turbine Disks

593

(4)

The Flow in a Rotating Tube

597

(8)

References

603

(2)

Coronary Arteries

605

(10)

Hani N. Sabbah

Fareed Khaja

James F. Brymer

Thomas M. McFarland

Paul D. Stein

Introduction

605

(1)

Method of Visualization

605

(1)

Studies of the Right Coronary Artery

605

(2)

Studies of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

607

(1)

Evidence of Flow Separation in the Left and Right Coronary Arteries

608

(1)

Construction of the Coronary Mold

609

(1)

Flow in the Sinuses of Valsalva

609

(4)

Flow Patterns in the Coronary Arteries

613

(2)

References

613

(2)

Cardiovascular Systems

615

(14)

Ajit P. Yoganathan

H.-W. Sung

E. F. Philpot

Y.-R. Woo

S. T. McMillan

A. Jimoh

A. J. Ridgway

Introduction

615

(1)

Apparatus and Methodology

615

(5)

Results and Discussion

620

(9)

References

628

(1)

Medicine and Biology

629

(16)

Wen-Jei Yang

Introduction

629

(1)

Conventional Flow Visualization Techniques

630

(5)

Computer-Assisted Flow Visualization Techniques

635

(10)

References

643

(2)

Indoor Environments

645

(6)

G. S. Settles

Introduction

645

(1)

Model Testing and Scaling

645

(1)

Room Ventilation

646

(1)

Solar Heating

646

(1)

Industrial Ventilation

647

(1)

Clean-Room Technology

647

(1)

Large-Field Optical Visualization

648

(3)

References

649

(2)

Agriculture

651

(10)

Junta Doi

Introduction

651

(1)

Boundary Layer around Plant Leaves

651

(2)

Flow around a Fish

653

(1)

Agricultural Meteorology

654

(1)

Windbreaks

655

(1)

Flow outside Agricultural Buildings

655

(1)

Flow inside Agricultural buildings

655

(1)

Sprayers and Sprinklers

656

(1)

Food Technology

657

(1)

Soil and Water

657

(1)

Soil and Grain

658

(1)

Concluding Remarks

659

(2)

References

659

(2)

Building Aerodynamics

661

(6)

W. Frank

Introduction

661

(1)

Experimental Arrangements

661

(1)

Results

662

(5)

References

666

(1)

Land Vehicles

667

(16)

A. Cogotti

The Main Characteristics of Flow Visualization Techniques for Land Vehicles

667

(1)

Types of Land Vehicles Tested in Wind Tunnels

667

(1)

Examples of the Main Techniques Used on Land Vehicles

668

(14)

Conclusions

682

(1)

References

682

(1)

Index

683

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Handbook of Flow Visualization

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