Handbook of Juvenile Justice: Theory and Practice

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ISBN: 9781574445572 | 157444557X
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Copyright: 5/5/2006

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Too often professionals in public policy or criminal justice must scramble to find additional reading on juvenile law and justice or on juvenile delinquency topics because most references and textbooks provide inadequate coverage of many issues of importance. The Handbook of Juvenile Justice: Theory and Practice responds to this need by providing comprehensive coverage of this important field of study.Resulting from lengthy analysis by the editors about what are identified as the most pressing issues in the field, this volume contains contributions from recognized experts, many of whom are published with the American Society of Criminology and the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. These authors deliver a balanced representation of theoretical, research, policy, and legal materials associated with the juvenile justice system. The book presents both historical and modern accounts of critical issues, and includes a policy approach to issues of delinquency, status offense, treatment, punishment, special populations, and early intervention programs. This text is ideal as a resource for professionals studying juvenile justice and its impact on public policy.

Part I The Development of a Separate Justice System for Juveniles

1 History of the Treatment of and Attitudes toward Children

(28)

Allan L. Patenaude

1.1 Introduction

(2)

1.2 Children in Biblical Times

(3)

1.3 Children during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance

(2)

1.4 Children during the Age of Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution

(6)

1.5 Children in America's Century of Juvenile Justice

(8)

1.5.1 Balancing Protection and Punishment (1899-1966)

(4)

1.5.2 Arguing for Formality in an Informal Process (1966-1975)

(1)

1.5.3 The Balance Tips toward Punishment (1975-2003)

(3)

1.6 Children at the Dawn of the 21st Century Are We Giving Up on Them?

(2)

1.7 Conclusion

(1)

References

(3)

Cases Cited

(1)

Notes

(2)

2 Nineteenth Century Antecedents to the Twentieth Century Juvenile Court

(18)

James L. Hague

2.1 Introduction

(4)

2.2 Nineteenth-Century Reformers

(7)

2.3 The Progressive Era

(2)

2.4 Creation of a Separate Justice System for juveniles

(2)

References

(1)

Cases Cited

(2)

3 The Extension of Constitutional Rights to Juveniles

(28)

Katherine Bennett

3.1 Introduction

(2)

3.2 Haley v. Ohio, 332 U.S. 596 (1948): Fourteenth Amendment Guarantees

(2)

3.3 Gallegos v. Colorado, 370 U.S. 49 (1962)

(1)

3.4 Kent v. United Slates, 383 U.S. 541 (1966): Juvenile Court Waivers

(2)

3.5 In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967): Paving the Road for Constitutional Protections

(2)

3.6 In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970): Standard of Proof in Juvenile Court Proceedings

(2)

3.7 Sixth Amendment Rights for Juveniles

(2)

3.7.1 McKeiver n Pennsylvania, 403 U.S. 528 (1971): Trial by Jury

(1)

3.7.2 Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308 (1974)

(1)

3.8 Fifth Amendment Protections: Double jeopardy and Self-Incrimination

(3)

3.8.1 Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519 (1975): Double jeopardy

(2)

3.8.2 Fare v. Michael C, 442 U.S. 707 (1979): Self-Incrimination

(1)

3.9 Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Company, 443 U.S. 97 (1979)

(1)

3.10 Schell/ n Martin, 467 U.S. 253 (1984)

(1)

3.11 Constitutional Rights of Juveniles in Educational Institutions

(11)

3.11.1 First Amendment Rights and Juveniles

(1)

3.11.1.1 West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943)

(1)

3.11.1.2 Tinker v. Des Moines School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969)

(1)

3.11.2 Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565 (1975): Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Rights in School Suspensions

(1)

3.11.3 New Jersey v. T.L.O. 469 U.S. 325 (1985): Fourth Amendment Rights and Juveniles

(9)

3.12 Conclusion

References

List of Cases TO

Part 1 Conclusion

Part II Explaining Delinquency: Theory and Practice

4 Theoretical Explanations for Juvenile Delinquency

(16)

Barbara Sims

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Classical Deterrence Theory

(1)

4.3 Biological Theory

(1)

4.3.1 Modern-Day Biological Theory

(1)

4.4 Psychological Explanations for Delinquency

(1)

4.5 Sociological Theories of Delinquency: Macro Perspectives

(3)

4.5.1 Strain, Subcultural, and Differential Opportunity Theories

(1)

4.5.2 Social Disorganization Theory

(1)

4.6 Sociological Theories of Delinquency: Micro Perspectives

(2)

4.6.1 Differential Association and Social Learning Theory

(1)

4.6.2 Social Control Theories of Delinquency

(1)

4.6.2.1 Self-Control Theory

(1)

4.7 Symbolic Interaction and Labeling Theory

(1)

4.8 Conflict and Critical Theories of Delinquency

(1)

4.9 Other Theories of Juvenile Delinquency

(1)

4.9.1 General Strain Theory

(1)

4.9.2 A Systemic/Social Disorganization Model of Delinquency

(1)

4.9.3 Crime, Shame, and Reintegration

(1)

4.10 Conclusions

(1)

References

(3)

5 Delinquent Girls

(16)

Suman Kakar

5.1 Introduction

(1)

5.2 What Do We Know about Female Delinquents?

(6)

5.2.1 What Type of Crimes Do Girls Commit?

(2)

5.2.2 What Age Group Are These Girls?

(1)

5.2.3 Minorities Are Overrepresented

(1)

5.2.4 Upward Trend in Female Delinquency Underrated

(1)

5.2.5 Juvenile Justice System Biased against Female Delinquents

(2)

5.3 Childhood Maltreatment and Female Delinquency

100

(4)

5.3.1 Female Delinquents Internalize Their Victimization, Threaten Their Own Well-Being

100

(1)

5.3.2 School Discipline Problems and Poor Academic Performance

100

(4)

References

104

(5)

6 Gender-Specific Intervention for Female Delinquents

109

(18)

Kristi Holsinger

6.1 Introduction

109

(1)

6.2 A Brief History of Correctional Interventions for Girls

110

(3)

6.3 Components of Gender-Specific Services

113

(6)

6.3.1 Abuse

113

(1)

6.3.2 Problematic Family Relationships

114

(1)

6.3.3 Drug and Alcohol Use

115

(1)

6.3.4 Health and Mental Health Issues

115

(1)

6.3.5 Parenting and Childcare

116

(1)

6.3.6 Academic and Economic Challenges

117

(1)

6.3.7 Self-Esteem and Gender Socialization

118

(1)

6.4 Other Issues in the Development and Implementation of Gender-Specific Services

119

(2)

6.5 Conclusion

121

(1)

References

122

(5)

7 The Relationship between Childhood Maltreatment and Delinquency

127

(18)

Marilyn Chandler Ford

7.1 Introduction

127

(1)

7.2 Legally Defining Child Maltreatment

128

(2)

7.3 Issues Associated with Identifying Abuse and Neglect

130

(2)

7.3.1 Reporters of Abuse

130

(1)

7.3.2 Data Sources

131

(1)

7.4 A Profile of Child Maltreatment

132

(2)

7.4.1 Type of Maltreatment

132

(1)

7.4.2 Child Fatalities

132

(1)

7.4.3 Victim-Offender Relationship

133

(1)

7.4.4 Other Correlates of Maltreatment

133

(1)

7.5 Responses to Child Maltreatment

134

(3)

7.6 Explanations of Abuse and Neglect

137

(1)

7.7 The Link between Abuse or Neglect and Delinquency

138

(1)

7.8 Future Needs

139

(2)

References

141

(2)

Notes

143

(2)

8 Effective Social Control Measures in School and Community Programs: Implications for Policy and Practice

145

(28)

Carrie M. Butler and Ted R. Watkins

8.1 Introduction

145

(1)

8.2 Theoretical Perspectives

146

(1)

8.2.1 Control Theory

147

(1)

8.3 The Present Study

147

(6)

8.3.1 Methodology

118

(31)

8.3.2 Measures

149

(1)

8.3.3 Dependent Variables

150

(1)

8.3.3.1 Gang Participation

150

(1)

8.3.3.2 Delinquency

150

(1)

8.3.3.3 Peer Association

150

(1)

8.3.4 Independent Variables

151

(1)

8.3.4.1 Involvement in School and Community Programs

151

(1)

8.3.4.2 Social Control

152

(1)

8.3.4.3 School Social Control

152

(1)

8.3.4.4 Community Social Control

152

(1)

8.3.4.5 Social Accountability

153

(1)

8.3.4.6 Adult Supervision

153

(1)

8.4 Data Analysis

153

(11)

8.4.1 Results

154

(1)

8.4.2 Hypothesis 1

154

(1)

8.4.2.1 Gang Participation

156

(1)

8.4.2.2 Drug-Related Crimes

156

(1)

8.4.2.3 Property Crimes

157

(1)

8.4.2.4 Violent Crimes

158

(1)

8.4.3 Hypothesis 2

159

(1)

8.4.3.1 School Social Control on Gang Participation

159

(1)

8.4.3.2 School Social Control on Delinquency

160

(1)

8.4.3.3 Community Social Control on Gang Participation

160

(1)

8.4.3.4 Community Social Control on Delinquency

161

(1)

8.4.4 Hypothesis 3

162

(1)

8.4.4.1 Adult Supervision on Gang Participation

162

(1)

8.4.4.2 Adult Supervision on Delinquency

163

(1)

8.4.5 Hypothesis 4

163

(1)

8.4.5.1 Social Accountability on Gang Participation

163

(1)

8.4.5.2 Social Accountability on Delinquency

163

(1)

8.4.6 Hypothesis 5

163

(1)

8.5 Discussion: Policy and Practice Implications

164

(2)

8.6 Conclusion

166

(1)

References

166

(7)

Part II Conclusion

Part III The Extent and Nature of Juvenile Delinquency

9 The Myth of the Juvenile Superpredator

173

(20)

Karen S. Miller, Gary W. Potter, and Victor E. Kappeler

9.1 Introduction

173

(3)

9.2 The Myth of a Juvenile Crime Wave

176

(3)

9.3 Getting Tough on Juvenile Crime: Reconstructing the Juvenile Justice System

179

(3)

9.4 Lock 'Em Up and Throw Away the Key: Juveniles in Custody

182

(1)

9.5 Treating Juveniles as Adults: Does It Work?

183

(2)

9.6 Blaming the Victims: Crime against Juveniles

185

(2)

9.7 Conclusion

187

(2)

References

189

(4)

10 The Emerging Problem of Preppie Gangs in America

193

(1)

Gordon A. Crews, Johnny R. Purvis, and Mary Hjelm

10.1 Introduction

193

(1)

10.2 Characteristics of Preppie Gangs

194

(1)

10.3 Types of Preppie Gangs and Member Characteristics

195

(5)

10.3.1 Delinquent or Criminal Gangs

197

(1)

10.3.2 Ideological Gangs

198

(1)

10.3.3 Occult-Based/Goth Groups

199

(1)

10.4 Demonstrated Behaviors within a Psychosocial Perspective

200

(1)

10.5 Possible Causes of Involvement

201

(3)

10.6 Attitude of Parents/Guardians

204

(1)

10.7 Reactions of the Law Enforcement Community

205

(1)

10.8 Games Played with the Law Enforcement Community

206

(1)

10.9 Dangers of Preppie Gangs

207

(3)

10.9.1 Criminal Activity Associated with Preppie Gangs

207

(1)

10.9.2 Preppie Gang-Related Violence

208

(2)

10.10 Preppie Gang Migration

210

(5)

10.10.1 Member Migration vs. Concept Migration

212

(3)

10.11 Responsible and Accountable

215

(1)

10.12 Conclusion

216

(1)

References

217

(2)

11 Juvenile Cybercrime: An Exploration of Theoretical and Legal Implications

219

(1)

Edward J. Girard

11.1 Introduction

219

(2)

11.2 A Theoretical Examination of Cybercrime

221

(8)

11.2.1 The Classical Perspective

221

(1)

11.2.2 The Biopsychosocial Approach

222

(1)

11.2.3 The Social Learning Viewpoint

223

(1)

11.2.4 Social Bonding Approach

224

(1)

11.2.5 Strain and Anomie Theories

225

(2)

11.2.6 Other Control Theories

227

(1)

11.2.7 Social Disorganization and the Chicago School

227

(1)

11.2.8 Developmental Theories

228

(1)

11.3 Putting It All Together

229

(1)

11.4 Legal Problems and Implications

230

(1)

11.5 Conclusion

231

(1)

References

231

(4)

12 Juvenile Stalkers: An Introduction

235

(1)

Deborah L. Laufersweiler-Dwyer and R. Gregg Dwyer

12.1 Introduction

235

(1)

12.2 Stalking Defined

235

(2)

12.2.1 Technical Definitions

235

(1)

12.2.2 Legal Definitions

236

(1)

12.2.3 Behavioral Definitions

237

(1)

12.3 Stalking in Adults

237

(3)

12.3.1 Prevalence

237

(2)

12.3.2 Adult Typologies

239

(1)

12.4 Stalking by Children and Adolescents

240

(3)

12.4.1 Prevalence

240

(1)

12.4.2 Obsessional Behaviors

241

(2)

12.5 Theoretical Explanations and Typologies for Child and Adolescent Stalking

243

(1)

12.5.1 Typologies

243

(1)

12.6 Theoretical Models

244

(2)

12.6.1 Behavioral Models

244

(1)

12.6.2 Psychodynamic Model

244

(1)

12.6.3 Functional Analysis

245

(1)

12.6.4 Communications Theory

245

(1)

12.7 Conclusion

246

(1)

References

246

(9)

Part III Conclusion

Part IV Policing and Prosecuting the Youthful Offender

13 Police Organizations and Problem-Solving Strategies for Juvenile Intervention: Identifying Crucial Elements

255

(92)

John D. McCluskey, Timothy S. Bynum, Sean P. Varano, Beth M. Huebner, Justin W. Patchin, and Amanda Burgess-Proctor

13.1 Introduction

255

(1)

13.2 Early Onset

256

(1)

13.3 Essential Elements for Programmatic Innovation

257

(5)

13.3.1 Integration of Key Policymakers (Stakeholders)

257

(1)

13.3.2 Communication and Shared Vision

258

(2)

13.3.3 Assessment and Evaluation

260

(2)

13.4 Site Descriptions

262

(1)

13.5 Data and Methods

263

(7)

13.5.1 Measures

264

(1)

13.5.2 Analysis

265

(5)

13.6 Conclusion

270

(1)

13.6.1 Future Directions

271

(1)

References

271

(2)

Notes

273

(2)

14 Juvenile Curfews: The Recent Increase of Their Use

275

(1)

Janice Ahmad and James Ruiz

14.1 Introduction

275

(1)

14.2 Purpose and Extent of Youth Curfews

276

(3)

14.2.1 Examples of Curfew Programs

279

(1)

14.3 Legal Issues

279

(4)

14.4 Research on Curfew Laws and Enforcement

283

(4)

14.5 The Role of the Police

287

(2)

14.6 Policy Issues and Conclusion

289

(2)

References

291

(2)

Cases Cited

293

(2)

15 Prosecuting Juvenile Offenders

295

(1)

Leanne Owen

15.1 Introduction

295

(2)

15.2 Distinguishing between What Prosecutors Do and Who They (Think They) Are

297

(1)

15.3 The Origins of the Prosecutorial Job

298

(3)

15.3.1 An Advocate for the Public: The Prosecutor as Elected Official

298

(1)

15.3.2 "Doing More": Ideals of Community Justice and Community Prosecution

299

(2)

15.4 "Should We or Shouldn't We?" — The Decision to Charge

301

(8)

15.4.1 Prosecutorial Constructions of Juvenile Offenders and Their "Just Deserts"

301

(2)

15.4.2 Prosecutorial Considerations and Formulation of Concepts

303

(2)

15.4.3 Goodness and Badness: Considering the Juvenile's Behavior

305

(1)

15.4.4 Adulticism and Infanticism: Considerations of Maturity

306

(1)

15.4.5 Salvageability and Disposability: Rehabilitative Prospects

307

(2)

15.5 Conclusion

309

(1)

References

309

(1)

Notes

310

(1)

16 Issues Associated with Juvenile Waiver

311

(1)

Craig Hemmens and Benjamin Steiner

16.1 Introduction

311

(1)

16.2 The Juvenile Court

312

(1)

16.3 Challenges to the juvenile Court

313

(2)

16.4 Public Support for Juvenile Waiver

315

(1)

16.5 Effects of juvenile Waiver

316

(1)

16.6 Forms of juvenile Waiver

317

(11)

16.6.1 Prosecutorial Waiver

318

(1)

16.6.2 Judicial Waiver

318

(6)

16.6.3 Legislative Waiver

324

(4)

16.7 Conclusion

328

(1)

References

329

(1)

Cases Cited

330

(1)

17 Status Offenders: Early History and Contemporary Policies and Programs

331

(1)

Catherine E. Burton and Sharon K. Tracy

17.1 Introduction

331

(1)

17.2 Background

332

(1)

17.3 The Impact of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act of 1974 on Status Offenders

332

(2)

17.4 Contemporary Status Offenses and Status Offender Programs: An Examination of Curfew Violations and Truancy

334

(5)

17.5 Conclusion

339

(2)

References

341

(1)

Cases Cited

342

(5)

Part IV Conclusion

Part V Special Juvenile Populations

18 The Disabled Juvenile Offender

347

(126)

Pamela Preston

18.1 Statement of the Problem

347

(1)

18.2 Types of Disability

348

(2)

18.3 The Prevalence of Disability in the Juvenile Offender Population

350

(2)

18.4 Programming

352

(5)

18.5 Conclusion

357

(1)

References

358

(1)

19 Juvenile Sex Offenders: An Overview

359

(1)

R. Gregg Dwyer and Deborah L. Laufersweiler-Dwyer

19.1 Introduction

359

(1)

19.2 Definitions

360

(6)

19.2.1 Offenders

360

(1)

19.2.2 Gender

360

(1)

19.2.3 Age

361

(1)

19.2.4 Socioeconomic Status

361

(1)

19.2.5 Psychiatric Diagnosis

362

(1)

19.2.6 Socialization

363

(1)

19.2.7 Abuse History

364

(1)

19.2.8 School Difficulties

365

(1)

19.2.9 Family Functioning

365

(1)

19.2.10 Substance Abuse

365

(1)

19.3 Victims

366

(1)

19.3.1 Gender

366

(1)

19.3.2 Age

366

(1)

19.3.3 Relationship to Offender

367

(1)

19.4 Offenses

367

(1)

19.5 Causes for Offending

368

(3)

19.5.1 Sexual Victimization

369

(1)

19.5.2 Psychiatric Diagnosis

369

(1)

19.5.3 Substance Abuse

370

(1)

19.5.4 Developmental Factors

370

(1)

19.5.5 Socialization

371

(1)

19.6 Summary

371

(1)

References

372

(3)

20 The Treatment of Adolescent Sex Offenders

375

(1)

Louis Veneziano and Carol Veneziano

20.1 The Epidemiology of Juvenile Sex Offending

375

(2)

20.2 Characteristics of Juvenile Sex Offenders

377

(3)

20.3 Typologies of Juvenile Sex Offenders

380

(1)

20.4 Assessment of Juvenile Sex Offenders for Treatment

381

(1)

20.5 Treatment of Adolescent Sexual Offenders

381

(3)

20.6 Conclusions: A Practical Orientation

384

(1)

References

385

(6)

21 Utilizing Applied Behavior Analysis with Juvenile Sexual Offenders

391

(1)

Scott LeGrand, Michael Weinberg, and E. K. McIntyre

21.1 Introduction

392

(3)

21.2 PBS: A Service Delivery Model

395

(1)

21.3 Origin of PBS

396

(1)

21.4 Goals of PBS

396

(1)

21.5 Assumptions and Characteristic of PBS

397

(1)

21.6 PBS: A Service-Delivery Model

398

(1)

21.7 Victim to Victimizer: A Behavioral Analytic Formulation

399

(1)

21.8 Relational Frame Theory

400

(2)

21.9 Assessment Process and Treatment Issues: Functional Assessment

402

(1)

21.10 Clinical Behavior Analysis

403

(2)

21.11 Conclusion

405

(1)

References

406

(3)

22 The Complexities of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Research in American Indian Communities

409

(1)

Lisa Bond-Maupin

22.1 Introduction

409

(2)

22.2 Policy and Legal Context for Understanding Jurisdiction and juvenile Justice in American Indian Communities

411

(8)

22.2.1 Introduction

411

(1)

22.2.2 The Transformation of Legal Forms and Structures in Indian Nations

412

(7)

22.3 Resisting Generalization

419

(2)

22.4 Research on American Indian Delinquency and Juvenile Justice

421

(6)

22.4.1 Introduction

421

(1)

22.4.2 Review of the Literature

421

(4)

22.4.3 Limitations of Prior Research and Implications for Ongoing Research

425

(2)

22.5 The Future of Juvenile Justice for American Indian Youths

427

(1)

References

428

(3)

23 Using Culture and Social Structure to Predict Gang Affiliation among Mexican American Adolescent Females

431

(1)

Rebecca D. Petersen and David Olveda

23.1 Introduction

431

(2)

23.2 Review of the Literature

433

(2)

23.3 Measurements

435

(1)

23.4 Methods and Setting

436

(2)

23.5 Analysis

438

(1)

23.6 Findings

439

(4)

23.7 Summary and Conclusion

443

(1)

Acknowledgments

444

(1)

References

444

(3)

Notes

447

(2)

24 Understanding and Treating the Substance-Addicted Juvenile

449

(1)

Ernest L. Cowles and Rebekah J. Lanphierd

24.1 Introduction

449

(2)

24.1.1 The Treatment Context

450

(1)

24.2 What Do We Need to Treat?

451

(7)

24.2.1 Risk and Protective Factors

451

(1)

24.2.2 Key Factors in the Developmental Approach

452

(1)

24.2.2.1 Genetics and Personality

452

(1)

24.2.2.2 Personality and Self-Medication

453

(1)

24.2.2.3 The Gateway Hypothesis

454

(1)

24.2.2.4 Environmental Factors

455

(2)

24.2.3 The Relationship between Delinquency and Substance Use

457

(1)

24.3 Prevention and Treatment

458

(5)

References

463

(5)

Notes

468

(5)

Part V Conclusion

Part VI Juvenile Corrections

25 Juvenile Diversion Programs

473

(86)

Robert L. Marsh and Steven B. Patrick

25.1 Introduction

473

(3)

25.2 Juvenile Court Discretion

476

(1)

25.3 Theories of Diversion

476

(2)

25.3.1 The Social Learning Theory

476

(1)

25.3.2 The Labeling Theory

476

(1)

25.3.3 The Social Control Theory

477

(1)

25.3.4 The Differential Association Theory

477

(1)

25.4 The Rationale of Diversion Programs

478

(1)

25.5 Types of Diversion Programs

479

(2)

25.5.1 Group Homes

479

(1)

25.5.2 Behavioral Contracts

479

(1)

25.5.3 Scared Straight Programs

479

(1)

25.5.4 Public Service

479

(1)

25.5.5 Education

480

(1)

25.5.6 Restitution

480

(1)

25.6 Summary of Research on Diversion Programs

481

(1)

25.7 Conclusions of Past Research

482

(1)

25.7.1 One Example of a Longitudinal Study

482

(1)

25.8 Demographics: Who Are These First-Time Offenders?

483

(3)

25.8.1 Ethnicity

483

(1)

25.8.2 Age

484

(1)

25.8.3 Gender

484

(1)

25.8.4 Outcomes

484

(1)

25.8.4.1 Tobacco or Alcohol

485

(1)

25.8.4.2 Recidivated for Drugs

485

(1)

25.8.4.3 Recidivated for Non-Alcohol-Related Traffic Offenses

485

(1)

25.8.4.4 Recidivated for Violent Crimes

485

(1)

25.8.4.5 Recidivated for Property Crimes

485

(1)

25.8.4.6 Recidivism for Running Away from Home

485

(1)

25.8.5 Bivariate Findings

486

(1)

25.9 Summary

486

(1)

25.10 The Future of Diversion

486

(1)

References

487

(4)

26 Juvenile Placement and Programming

491

(1)

Kate King and Sarah Settles

26.1 Introduction

491

(1)

26.2 Private Juvenile Facilities

492

(1)

26.3 Public Institutions

493

(2)

26.4 Types of Programs

495

(3)

26.4.1 Treatment

495

(1)

26.4.2 Educational or Vocational Programs

496

(2)

26.5 Juveniles with Special Needs

498

(3)

26.5.1 Substance Abuse

26.5.2 HIV/AIDS

499

(1)

26.5.3 Mental Illness

499

(1)

26.5.4 Violent Recidivists

500

(1)

26.6 What Works?

501

(2)

26.7 What Does Not Work?

503

(1)

26.8 What Is Promising?

503

(2)

26.8.1 Aftercare

504

(1)

26.9 Conclusion

505

(1)

References

506

(3)

27 Restorative Justice Programming

509

(1)

Karan Kell White

27.1 Introduction

509

(1)

27.2 Restorative Justice: A Balanced Approach

510

(5)

27.2.1 History

510

(1)

27.2.2 Traditional Justice

511

(1)

27.2.3 Restorative Justice

511

(1)

27.2.4 The Legislative Basis — Federal Law

512

(1)

27.2.4.1 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974

512

(1)

27.2.4.2 Victim's Rights and Restitution Act

512

(1)

27.2.4.3 Balanced and Restorative Justice Project

512

(1)

27.2.5 Accountability-Based Sanctions for Juveniles

513

(1)

27.2.5.1 Criticisms of Victim Offender Mediation for Juveniles

513

(1)

27.2.5.2 Net Widening

514

(1)

27.2.5.3 Fairness and Adequacy of Punishment

514

(1)

27.3 Restorative Justice Project: Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections

515

(2)

27.3.1 Initiative #7 for the Eight-Year Document

515

(2)

27.3.2 California Youth Authority Program

517

(1)

27.4 Conclusion

517

(1)

References

518

(3)

28 Capital Punishment and Juveniles

521

(1)

Allan L. Patenaude and Megan Reynolds

28.1 Introduction

521

(1)

28.2 Juveniles and Capital Punishment

522

(1)

28.3 The Juvenile Death Penalty vs. Evolving Standards of Decency

523

(3)

28.4 Recent Legal History on the Death Penalty for Juvenile Offenders

526

(3)

28.5 Does a Juvenile's Moral Development Correspond to an Adult's Mental Retardation?

529

(3)

28.5.1 The U.S. Supreme Court Bans the Execution of Juveniles

531

(1)

28.6 Conclusion

532

(1)

References

533

(1)

Cases Cited

534

(1)

Notes

534

(3)

29 Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment among Staff of Juvenile Correctional Facilities

537

(1)

Kevin I. Minor, James B. Wells, and Earl Angel

29.1 Introduction and Literature Overview

537

(2)

29.2 Method

539

(3)

29.2.1 Participants

539

(1)

29.2.2 Data

539

(1)

29.2.2.1 Job Satisfaction Data

541

(1)

29.2.2.2 Organizational Commitment Data

541

(1)

29.3 Results

542

(4)

29.4 Discussion

546

(5)

References

551

(1)

Notes

552

(7)

Part VI Conclusion

Part VII Other Critical Issues in Juvenile Justice

30 Increases in School Violence: Myth or Reality?

559

(118)

Lisa Hutchinson Wallace

30.1 History of the Socialization of Children

559

(1)

30.2 Changing Roles of Adolescents in the Family

560

(1)

30.3 Changing Roles of Adolescents in Society

560

(2)

30.4 Changing World of Schools

562

(3)

30.5 The Sensationalism of School Violence

565

(1)

30.6 Explaining School Violence

566

(11)

30.6.1 Individual Explanations

566

(3)

30.6.2 Family Explanations

569

(2)

30.6.3 Peer-Related Explanations

571

(2)

30.6.4 School-Related Explanations

573

(2)

30.6.5 Community Explanations

575

(2)

30.7 Responses to School Violence

577

(2)

30.7.1 Current Responses

577

(2)

30.8 What Works

579

(2)

30.9 What Does Not Work

581

(2)

30.10 Recommendations for Future Responses

583

(2)

References

585

(16)

Notes

601

(2)

31 The Adolescent Victim of School Violence: Social and Situational Risk Factors

Christopher J. Schreck, Thomas Ellsworth, John E. Shutt, and J. Mitchell Miller

31.1 Introduction

603

(1)

31.2 Trends and Patterns in School Victimization

604

(1)

31.3 Theoretical Framework

605

(3)

31.3.1 Routine Activities

605

(1)

31.3.1.1 Exposure Factors

606

(1)

31.3.1.2 Target Attractiveness Factors

606

(1)

31.3.1.3 Guardianship Factors

606

(1)

31.3.2 Social Bonds and Vulnerability

607

(1)

31.4 The Present Study

608

(2)

31.4.1 Dependent and Independent Variables

608

(1)

31.4.1.1 Victimization

608

(1)

31.4.1.2 Demographic Controls

609

(1)

31.4.1.3 School Environment Characteristics

609

(1)

31.4.1.4 Delinquency

609

(1)

31.4.1.5 Social Bonds

609

(1)

31.4.1.6 Peer Associations

610

(1)

31.4.1.7 Absences from School

610

(1)

31.5 Findings

610

(3)

31.6 Conclusion and Policy Implications

613

(2)

31.6.1 Policy Implications

614

(1)

References

615

(4)

32 Juvenile Justice: Answering the Question of Black Disproportionality

619

(1)

Everette B. Penn

32.1 Introduction

619

(1)

32.2 African Americans and the Juvenile Justice System

620

(1)

32.3 Defining Black and White in the United States

621

(3)

32.3.1 Arrests

621

(1)

32.3.2 Detained Prior to Court Disposition

622

(1)

32.3.3 Petitioned Cases

622

(1)

32.3.4 Adjudicated Cases

623

(1)

32.4 Origin of the American Juvenile Justice System

624

(1)

32.5 Traditional Answers to Disproportionality in Juvenile Justice

624

(1)

32.6 Black Criminology

625

(1)

32.7 Social Disorganization in the Black Community

626

(1)

32.8 The Development of Black Social Disorganization and Delinquency

627

(1)

32.9 Child Saving or Child Slaving?

628

(1)

32.10 Continuing a Social Disorganizational Cycle

629

(2)

32.11 Conclusion

631

(1)

References

632

(3)

Notes

635

(2)

33 Kids, Cops, and School-Based Drug Prevention: The Legacy of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)

637

(1)

David Mueller

33.1 Introduction

637

(1)

33.2 One Step Forward, Two Steps Back

638

(3)

33.3 Where Drug War Dollars Are (and Are Not) Going

641

(1)

33.4 Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)

641

(4)

33.5 Sticks and Stones, Slander and Suits

645

(1)

33.6 Science vs. Symbolic Politics

646

(1)

33.7 Conclusion

647

(1)

References

648

(3)

Notes

651

(2)

34 Is It Time to Abolish the Juvenile Justice System?

653

(1)

Tory J. Caeti and Eric J. Fritsch

34.1 Introduction

653

(1)

34.2 Arguments for Abolishing the Juvenile Justice System

654

(8)

34.2.1 The Changing Landscape of Juvenile Justice

654

(1)

34.2.1.1 The "New" Juvenile Criminal and the Wave of Violent Juvenile Crime

655

(1)

34.2.2 The Juvenile Justice System Does Not Reflect the Goals of the Founders

655

(3)

34.2.3 Juveniles Are Denied Basic Due Process Rights

658

(1)

34.2.3.1 Right to a Jury Trial

659

(1)

34.2.3.2 Role of Counsel in Juvenile Courts: A Good Thing?

660

(1)

34.2.4 The Punitive Juvenile Justice System: Harsher than the Adult System?

661

(1)

34.2.5 A Unified System

661

(1)

34.3 Arguments against Abolishing the Separate Juvenile justice System

662

(7)

34.3.1 Lessened Responsibility

663

(1)

34.3.2 Greater Rehabilitation Potential

664

(1)

34.3.2.1 Lower Recidivism

,64

34.3.2.2 State of Adult System: Warehousing inmates

665

(1)

34.3.3 Protections of the juvenile justice System

665

(1)

34.3.3.1 Bail

665

(1)

34.3.3.2 Harsher Penalties

666

(1)

34.3.3.3 Criminal Records

667

(1)

34.3.4 Maintaining a Separate System

667

(1)

34.3.4.1 The juvenile justice Process is Still Mon: Benign than the Criminal Justice Process

668

(1)

34.3.5 Success of the juvenile justice System

669

(1)

34.4 Conclusions

669

(2)

References

671

Cases Cited

573

(104)

Part VII Conclusion

Index

677

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Handbook of Juvenile Justice: Theory and Practice

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials