Handbook Of Microbial Biofertilizers

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ISBN: 9781560222699 | 1560222697
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/9/2006

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This first-of-its-kind handbook provides in-depth coverage of all major microbial biofertilizers (Rhizobia, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi, and Cyanobacteria), as well as new and emerging growth promoters (endophytes). It examines the role of microbes in growth promotion, bioprotectors, and bioremidlators, and presents protocols and practical strategies for using microbes in sustainable agriculture. Charts, tables, and figures make complex information easy to access and understand.

About the Editor

Contributors

xvii

Foreword

xxi

Ian Robert Hall

Preface

xxiii

Acknowledgments

xxv

Potential and Possible Uses of Bacterial and Fungal Biofertilizers

(28)

Francesco Gentili

Ari Jumpponen

Introduction

(2)

N2-Fixing Bacteria As Microbial Biofertilizers

(1)

Symbiotic N2-Fixing Bacteria

(3)

Cyanobacteria

(1)

N2-Fixing Associated Bacteria

(1)

Free-Living N2-Fixing Bacteria

(1)

Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria

(1)

Phosphorus-Solubilizing Bacteria

(1)

Plant Hormone Production by Bacteria

(1)

Fungi and Their Potential As Biofertilizers

(1)

Use of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi As Biofertilizers

(2)

Use of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi As Biofertilizers

(1)

Other Root-Colonizing Fungi

(1)

Multiple Inoculations and Interactions Among Potential Biofertilizers

(3)

Future Perspectives and Conclusions

(11)

Evaluation of the Functional Group of Microorganisms As Bioindicators on the Rhizosphere Microcosm

(22)

Ulisses Brigatto Albino

Galdino Andrade

Introduction

(2)

The Functional Groups

(3)

Methods to Assess the Soil Functional Microorganism Groups

(1)

Protocols

(11)

Future Perspectives

(1)

Conclusions

(5)

Tripartite Relationship of Rhizobium, AMF, and Host in Growth Promotion

(38)

Nanjian Raman

Thangaswamy Selvaraj

Introduction

(1)

Rhizobium and AMF Interactions

(6)

Rhizobium, AMF, and Biochemical Activities

(2)

Enzyme Activities

(2)

Growth Hormones

(1)

Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements

(1)

Heavy Metals

(4)

Plant Uptake of Metals

(1)

Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria

(1)

Coexistence of Rhizobium and AM Symbioses

(2)

Conclusions and Future Perspectives

(18)

Biological Fertilizers for Sustainable Rice Production

(28)

S. Kannaiyan

K. Kumar

Introduction

(1)

Azolla Biofertilizer for Rice Crop

(2)

Nitrogen-Fixing Blue Green Algae

(2)

Acid-Tolerant Cyanobacteria

(2)

N2-Fixing Stem-Nodulating Sesbania Biofertilizer for Rice

(4)

Sesbania As Biofertilizer for Rice

100

(1)

Neem Cake and N Use Efficiency

100

(3)

Urea Super Granules and N Use Efficiency

103

(1)

Soil Enzyme Activity

104

(1)

Induction of Nodule-Like Structures in Rice Roots for N2 Fixation

104

(3)

Azospirillum Biofertilizer for Rice

107

(1)

Phosphobacterial Biofertilizer

107

(1)

Future Perspectives

108

(1)

Conclusions

109

(8)

Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria: Their Ecological Impact in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

117

(20)

Robin Duponnois

Introduction

117

(1)

The Mycorrhizosphere Effect

118

(5)

Evidence

123

(2)

Biological Properties

125

(1)

Mechanisms Involved in the MHB Effect

126

(2)

Application

128

(1)

Conclusions and Perspectives

129

(8)

Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria As Biofertilizers and Biopesticides

137

(46)

Manas Ranjan Banerjee

Laila Yesmin

Joseph Kevin Vessey

Introduction

137

(2)

Biofertilizers

139

(2)

Endophytic and Rhizospheric Relationships Between PGPR and Their Hosts

141

(2)

Mode of Action of PGPR As Biofertilizers

143

(11)

Biopesticides

154

(3)

Mode of Action of PGPR As Biopesticides

157

(7)

Viability and Shelf Life of PGPR

164

(1)

Benefits of PGPR

165

(2)

Limitations of PGPR

167

(1)

Future Perspectives

168

(2)

Conclusions

170

(13)

Sustainable Agriculture and the Rhizobia/Legumes Symbiosis

183

(20)

Joao Ruy Jardim Freire

Enilson Luiz Saccol de Sa

Introduction

183

(1)

Diversity of Rhizobia

184

(4)

The Selection of Rhizobia Strains

188

(1)

Desirable Characteristics

189

(1)

Production and Quality of the Inoculants

190

(1)

Techniques of Inoculation

190

(1)

Soil Limiting Factors

191

(2)

Some Management Practices

193

(2)

Future Perspectives

195

(1)

Conclusions

196

(7)

Wild-Legume Rhizobia: Biodiversity and Potential As Biofertilizer

203

(20)

Hamdi Hussein Zahran

Introduction

203

(1)

Taxonomy and Biodiversity of Wild-Legume Rhizobia

204

(2)

Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Systems Established with Wild Rhizobia

206

(3)

Behavior of Wild-Legume Rhizobia Under Extreme Conditions

209

(3)

Future Perspectives

212

(2)

Conclusions

214

(9)

Potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Organic Farming Systems

223

(18)

Tanu

Anil Prakash

Alok Adholeya

Introduction

223

(1)

Mycorrhizae in Organic Farming

224

(2)

Factors Affecting Mycorrhizal Inoculum Potential

226

(4)

Selection of AM Fungi

230

(1)

Integration of AM Fungi and Composts for Disease Control

230

(1)

Organic Manure and AMF Inoculum Production

231

(1)

Application of AM Fungi

231

(1)

Future Perspectives

232

(1)

Conclusions

233

(8)

Role of Mycorrhizae in Forestry

241

(30)

Hanna Dahm

Introduction

241

(1)

Ecological Significance of Mycorrhizae

241

(2)

Types of Mycorrhizae on Forest Trees

243

(5)

Occurrence of Mycorrrhizal Fungi in Soils of Native Forests

248

(1)

Soil Type and Humus Properties

249

(1)

Ecological Specificity

250

(1)

Competition Among Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Forest Soil

250

(2)

Favorable Effects of Mycorrhizae on Plant Growth

252

(6)

Factors Affecting Ectomycorrhizal Reduction

258

(3)

Receptiveness of Forest Soils to Ectomycorrhizal Association

261

(1)

Practical Aspects of Mycorrhizae: Perspectives

262

(3)

Conclusions

265

(6)

Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Osmotic Stress Alleviation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants

271

(18)

Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano

Introduction

271

(3)

Uptake and Transfer of Water Through the Fungal Hyphae to the Host Plant

274

(2)

Amelioration of Plant Gas Exchange

276

(1)

Changes in the Water Retention Properties of the Soil

277

(1)

Stimulation of Assimilative Activities Essential for Plant Growth

278

(1)

Osmotic Adjustment

278

(2)

Protection Against the Oxidative Damage Generated by Drought

280

(3)

Future Perspectives and Conclusions

283

(6)

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation in Nursery Practice

289

(36)

Miguel Marin

Introduction

289

(1)

Types of Mycorrhizae

290

(2)

Mycorrhizae Effects on Plant Physiology

292

(3)

Interaction of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi with Soil Microbiota

295

(1)

Mycorrhizae As Substitute for Fertilizers

296

(2)

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Horticultural Systems

298

(2)

Endomycorrhizal Technology in Different Propagation Systems

300

(2)

Management of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Nursery Plant Production

302

(7)

Future Perspectives

309

(1)

Conclusions

310

(15)

Interaction Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Root Pathogens

325

(28)

Leonor Costa Maia

Norma Suely Sobral da Silveira

Uided Maaze Tiburcio Cavalcante

Introduction

325

(1)

Root Colonization

326

(1)

Changes Produced by Mycorrhization

326

(3)

Interaction: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Pathogenic Fungi

329

(5)

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi x Bacteria

334

(2)

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi x Nematodes

336

(4)

Future Perspectives

340

(1)

Conclusions

341

(12)

Production of Seedlings Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Performance After Outplanting

353

(42)

Orivaldo Jose Saggin-Junior

Eliane Maria Ribeiro da Silva

Introduction

353

(2)

Prerequisites for the Inoculation of Seedlings with AMF

355

(7)

Production of Inoculants for Seedlings

362

(6)

Production of Seedlings Inoculated with AMF

368

(14)

Future Perspectives of Mycorrhizal Seedling Production

382

(1)

Conclusions

383

(12)

Status of Endomycorrhizal (AMF) Biofertilizer in the Global Market

395

(22)

Polachi Raja

Introduction

395

(1)

World Fertilizer Consumption

396

(1)

Alternative Farming Systems

397

(1)

Sustainable Agriculture Systems

398

(2)

Effective Microorganisms

400

(1)

Evolution of AMF

401

(3)

Techniques of AMF Inoculum Propagation

404

(2)

AMF Benefits of Symbiosis

406

(1)

Impact of AMF in Agriculture

406

(1)

Availability and Cost of Mycorrhizal Inoculum

407

(1)

Producers and Formulators of AMF Inoculum

407

(1)

Future Perspectives

407

(5)

Conclusions

412

(5)

Role of Cyanobacteria As Biofertilizers: Potentials and Limitations

417

(16)

Pilar Irisarri

Introduction

417

(1)

Current Status of Cyanobacterial Use As Biofertilizers

418

(1)

Availability of Fixed Nitrogen to Rice Plants

419

(1)

Cultivation of Cyanobacteria for Biofertilizer

420

(1)

Inoculation and Crop Yield

421

(1)

Reasons for the Failure of Inoculation

422

(2)

Benefits of Cyanobacteria Beyond Nitrogen Input to the Agroecosystem

424

(1)

Is Inoculation with Cyanobacteria Worthwhile?

425

(1)

Integrated Soil Fertility Management

426

(1)

Future Perspectives

427

(1)

Conclusions

428

(5)

Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers for Rice: Present Status and Future Prospects

433

(26)

Siba Prasad Adhikary

Bagmi Pattanaik

Introduction

433

(1)

Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)

434

(6)

Factors Governing Distribution of Cyanobacteria During the Crop Growth Cycle

440

(1)

Seasonal Variation of Cyanobacterial Growth in Paddy Fields

441

(2)

Phosphorus

443

(2)

Cyanobacteria Biofertilizer for Increased Crop Yield and Maintenance of Soil Quality

445

(1)

Algalization Technology

446

(3)

Future Perspectives

449

(1)

Conclusions

450

(9)

A Comparative Study on Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria in South American and European Rice Fields

459

(18)

Carlos Hugo Prosperi

Introduction

459

(3)

Measuring Nitrogen Fixation in the Field

462

(1)

Determination of Nitrogenase Activity in Vivo

463

(1)

Samples Collection and Identification

463

(1)

The Diversity of Cyanobacteria

464

(7)

Future Perspectives

471

(1)

Appendix: Identification Key for Most Common Cyanobacteria in Rice Fields of Argentina and Spain

472

(5)

Piriformospora indica As a New and Emerging Mycofertilizer and Biotizer: Potentials and Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture

477

(20)

Sarika Shende

Kanchan Bhagwat

Prasad Wadegaonkar

Mahendra Rai

Ajit Varma

Introduction

477

(1)

The Morphology and Cultural Characteristics

478

(1)

Mycelial Penetration in Host

478

(1)

Ultrastructure of Hyphal Wall

478

(1)

Molecular Systemetics

479

(1)

Root Colonization Potential in Diverse Hosts

480

(1)

In Vitro Rapid Proliferation of Roots of Withania somnifera

480

(1)

Rhizoctonia-Like Growth Promotion of Orchids

480

(1)

Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites

481

(1)

Mechanisms Involved During Colonization

482

(1)

Mycorrhiza-Like Endophytes

483

(1)

Protoplast Fusion for Better Understanding of Interaction

483

(2)

Strategies for Mass Production of Inocula

485

(1)

Immobilization of Spores and Hyphae: A Step Forward for Inoculum Production

485

(1)

Application in Horticulture

486

(2)

Potential for Control of Phytopathogenic Rootborne Microbes

488

(2)

Conclusions and Future Directions

490

(7)

Matsutake: A Natural Biofertilizer?

497

(46)

Wang Yun

Ian Robert Hall

Introduction

497

(2)

Matsutake in the Commercial World

499

(3)

Taxonomic History of Matsutake

502

(1)

Ecology

502

(6)

Morphology of Matsutake Infections

508

(11)

Cultivation of Tricholoma matsutake

519

(7)

Relationship Between Matsutake and Its Host Plants

526

(5)

Future Challenges

531

(1)

Conclusions

532

(11)

Index

543

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Handbook Of Microbial Biofertilizers

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials