Handbook of Natural Gas Analysis

A comprehensive resource to the origin, properties, and analysis of natural gas and its constituents

Handbook of Natural Gas Analysis is a comprehensive guide that includes information on the origin and analysis of natural gas, the standard test methods, and procedures that help with the predictability of gas composition and behavior during gas cleaning operations and use. The author—a noted expert on the topic—also explores the properties and behavior of the various components of natural gas and gas condensate.

All chapters are written as stand-alone chapters and they cover a wealth of topics including history and uses; origin and production; composition and properties; recovery, storage, and transportation; properties and analysis of gas stream and gas condensate. The text is designed to help with the identification of quality criteria appropriate analysis and testing that fall under the umbrella of ASTM International. ASTM is an organization that is recognized globally across borders, disciplines and industries and works to improve performance in manufacturing and materials and products. This important guide:

• Contains detailed information on natural gas and its constituents
• Offers an analysis of methane, gas hydrates, ethane, propane, butane, and gas condensate
• Includes information on the behavior of natural gas to aid in the planning for recovery, storage, transportation, and use
• Covers the test methods that are applicable to natural gas and its constituents
• Written in accessible and easy-to-understand terms

Written for scientists, engineers, analytical chemists who work with natural gas as well as other scientists and engineers in the industry, Handbook of Natural Gas Analysis offers a guide to the analysis, standard test methods, and procedures that aid in the predictability of gas composition and behavior during gas cleaning operations and use.

JAMES G. SPEIGHT, PHD, DSC is an independent fuel and environmental consultant. He is recognized internationally as an expert in the characterization, properties, and processing of conventional fuels, synthetic fuels, biofuels, and the associated environmental effects. He has more than 50 years of experience in the process industries, is the author of numerous books and papers, is the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Petroleum Science and Technology.

About the Author ix

Preface xi

Part I Origin and Properties 1

1 History and Background 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 History, Use, and the Need for Analysis 5

1.3 Reservoirs 14

1.4 Conventional Gas 17

1.5 Unconventional Gas 26

1.6 Natural Gas and Energy Security 42

1.7 Natural Gas Regulations 44

References 51

2 Origin and Production 57

2.1 Introduction 57

2.2 Origin 62

2.3 Reservoirs 65

2.4 Reservoir Fluids 71

2.5 Production 75

2.6 Environmental Aspects 84

References 88

3 Storage and Transportation 93

3.1 Introduction 93

3.2 Storage 95

3.3 Storage Facilities 100

3.4 Transportation 104

References 121

4 Gas Cleaning 125

4.1 Introduction 125

4.2 Gas Streams 130

4.3 Water Removal 139

4.4 Liquids Removal 148

4.5 Nitrogen Removal 150

4.6 Acid Gas Removal 150

4.7 Enrichment 153

4.8 Epilog 154

References 160

Part II Analysis 167

5 Sampling and Measurement 169

5.1 Introduction 169

5.2 Sampling 174

5.3 Volume Measurement 196

5.4 Method Validation 199

5.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 205

References 210

6 Analytical Methods 215

6.1 Introduction 215

6.2 Chemical and Physical Analyses 216

6.3 Chromatographic Analyses 235

6.4 Spectroscopic Analyses 236

6.5 Molecular Weight 243

6.6 Instability and Incompatibility 244

6.7 Use of the Data 246

References 250

7 Constituents of Gas Streams 259

7.1 Introduction 259

7.2 Methane 264

7.3 Ethane 273

7.4 Propane 277

7.5 Butane 282

7.6 Olefins and Diolefins 287

7.7 Gas Hydrates 290

7.8 Other Gases 298

References 304

8 Properties of Gas Streams 311

8.1 Introduction 311

8.2 Composition 316

8.3 Properties 337

8.4 Environmental Effects 369

References 371

9 Analysis of Gas Streams 379

9.1 Introduction 379

9.2 Types of Gases 381

9.3 Analytical Methods 401

9.4 Properties of Gases 409

References 438

10 Properties and Analysis of Gas Condensate 447

10.1 Introduction 447

10.2 Types of Condensate 457

10.3 Production 459

10.4 Composition and Properties 462

10.5 Test Methods 469

References 497

Conversion Factors 511

Glossary 513

Index 539

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