Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety and Health, Second Edition

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ISBN: 9780849365461 | 0849365465
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/23/2006

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A practical guide for eliminating safety and health hazards from construction worksites, the Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety and Health addresses such subjects as contractor liability and multi-employer sites. This second edition features updates for construction regulations, construction job audit, training requirements, and OSHA regulations. It includes new record-keeping guidelines and forms with additional material on focused inspections. It also contains updated contact information for the newest agencies. The text provides a model safety and health program, examples of accident analysis and prevention approaches, sample safety and health checklists, and various illustrations.

Introduction

(20)

Construction Industry

(3)

Construction as a Business

(1)

Contractor Liability

(2)

Management/Professional Positions

(1)

Supervisors

(1)

The Competent Person(s)

(1)

Women in Construction

(1)

The Construction Trades

(4)

Unions of the Building and Construction Trades Department

(1)

Why the Hazards

(1)

Cost of Accidents/Incidents

(1)

Why do Accidents Occur

(1)

Construction Deaths

(1)

Construction Injuries

(1)

Construction Illnesses

(1)

Construction Hazards

(2)

Construction's Relationship to OSHA

(1)

Intent of this Book

(1)

References

(1)

Perceptions in the Construction Industry

(8)

Survey

(2)

Agreement

(1)

Disagreement

(1)

Contractors and Mixed Views

(1)

Other Areas

(1)

How to Use this Survey

(1)

Example

(1)

Using the Results

(1)

Summary

(2)

The People Issue in Construction Safety and Health

(36)

Setting the Stage

(2)

Defining Motivation

(1)

Summary of the Principles of Motivation

(1)

The Motivational Environment

(4)

Structuring the Motivational Environment

(2)

Reacting to the Motivational Environment

(1)

Motivational Environment --- Examples

(1)

Goal Setting

(1)

Goals and You

(1)

Rationale behind Goals

(1)

Goals and Their Many Forms

(1)

Self-motivation

(1)

You are the One

(1)

People are Amazing

(1)

Losing the Self in Motivation

(1)

Dealing with People Along the Continuum

(3)

The People Issue

(1)

Changing Values

(1)

Needs Move Mountains and People

(1)

Motivational Leadership

(3)

Describing Leadership

(1)

Role Models

(1)

Leadership Characteristics

(1)

Applying Leadership

(2)

The Key Person

(1)

The Ever-Changing Motivational Plan

(4)

The Plan

(1)

Feedback/Reinforcement

(1)

Criticism

(1)

Modifying or Changing Behavior

(2)

Supervisory Motivational Initiatives

(8)

Different Approaches

(1)

Joint Labor/Management Committees

(1)

Committee Makeup

(1)

Recordkeeping

(1)

Do's and Don'ts of L/M Committees

(1)

Organizing a Joint Committee

(1)

Expectations

(1)

Outcomes

(1)

Joint Labor/Management Occupational Safety and Health Committees

(1)

Summary

(1)

Peer Pressure

(1)

Family Pressure

(1)

The Worker Challenge

(1)

Rewards

(1)

Motivational Techniques

(2)

Training

(1)

More about Rewards

(1)

Reinforcement

(1)

Incentives as Rewards

(1)

Incentive Programs

(1)

Safety Incentive Program for XYZ Contractor

(3)

Special Emphasis

(1)

Contests

(1)

Gimmicks and Gadgets

(1)

Visuals

(1)

Conferences/Seminars

(1)

Nonfinancial Incentives

(1)

Summary

(3)

References

(2)

Construction Safety and Health Programs

(32)

Reasons for a Comprehensive Safety Program

(1)

Building a Safety and Health Program

(7)

Rules

(1)

Communications

(2)

Training

(1)

Accident Investigation

(2)

Evaluation

(1)

Explaining the Requirements and Elements of OSHA Guidelines for a Safety and Health Program

(4)

Management Commitment and Leadership

(1)

Assignment of Responsibility

(1)

Identification and Control of Hazards

(1)

Training and Education

(1)

Recordkeeping and Hazard Analysis

(1)

First Aid and Medical Assistance

(1)

Emergency and Firefighting Procedures

(1)

Model Construction Safety and Health Program

(9)

Management Safety and Health Policy Statements

(2)

Accountability and Responsibility

(1)

Discipline Policy

(1)

Supervisory Involvement

(1)

Employee Responsibility

(1)

Jobsite Inspections

(1)

Accident Investigations

(1)

Recordkeeping

(1)

Training

(2)

First Aid and Medical Availability

(2)

Emergency Procedures and Response

(1)

Safety and Health Program Evaluation

(1)

Evaluation of Your Responses

(3)

Other Required Written Programs

(6)

References

(1)

Analyzing Construction Hazards and Accidents/Incidents

(24)

Preconstruction Conference

(3)

Worksite Hazard Analysis

100

(2)

Accident/Incident Analysis

102

(6)

Accidents: Why They Happen

102

(2)

Analyzing Accidents/Incidents

104

(1)

Direct Causes

104

(1)

Indirect Causes

104

(1)

Basic Causes

105

(3)

Job Safety Analysis

108

(10)

Management Controls

110

(1)

Establishing a Method for Selecting Jobs

110

(1)

Selection of Tasks for Analysis

110

(1)

Prioritization of Tasks

111

(1)

Conducting a Job Safety Analysis

112

(1)

Considering Human Problems in the JSA Process

113

(1)

Hazards Elimination or Control

114

(1)

Methods of Performing a JSA

115

(2)

Review the Analysis and Potential Solutions

117

(1)

Implementing the JSA in an Operational System

117

(1)

Monitoring a JSA Program

117

(1)

Hazard Analysis

118

(1)

Analyzing Accident Data

118

(2)

Summary

120

(1)

References

120

(1)

Construction Accident Prevention Techniques

121

(46)

Safety and Health Management

121

(1)

Communications

122

(1)

Toolbox Talks

122

(1)

Training

123

(1)

Hazard Identification

123

(2)

Safe Operating Procedures (SOPs)

125

(3)

When an Engineer is Needed

128

(7)

Focused Inspections

128

(1)

Identify the Need for an Engineer

129

(1)

Engineer Requirements

129

(1)

Stated Engineering Requirements

129

(2)

Implied Engineering Requirements

131

(1)

Consensus Standards

132

(1)

Inconsistent Reference to Engineers

133

(2)

Special Programs

135

(1)

Preventive Maintenance Programs

135

(2)

Fleet Safety Program

137

(1)

Accident Investigation

138

(11)

Purpose of Accident Investigations

138

(1)

Potential Risks

139

(2)

Investigations Benefit the Supervisor

141

(1)

Reporting Accidents

141

(1)

Ten Reasons for Not Reporting Accidents

141

(2)

Good Accident Investigations

143

(1)

Determining Accident Types

144

(1)

Designing a Report/Investigation Form

144

(1)

Organizing/Assigning Responsibilities

144

(1)

Explaining Accident Investigations

145

(1)

Controlling and Follow-Up

145

(1)

Sources of Information

146

(1)

The Interview Process

146

(2)

Reenacting Accidents

148

(1)

The Accident Report

148

(1)

Job Safety Observations

149

(13)

Benefits of Job Safety Observations

150

(1)

Planned Safety Observations

151

(1)

Frequency and Extent of Observations

152

(1)

The Incidental Safety Observation

153

(1)

Indirect Types of Unsafe Procedures

154

(1)

The Planned Safety Observation

155

(1)

Supervisory Preparation for Job Safety Observations

156

(2)

Making the Observation

158

(1)

Recording the Observation

159

(1)

Post-observation Conference

159

(1)

Follow-up Procedures

160

(1)

Dealing with Unsafe Performance

161

(1)

Safety and Health Audits

162

(3)

References

165

(2)

Construction Safety: A through H

167

(138)

Abrasive Grinding (1926.303)

167

(1)

Aerial Lifts (1926.556)

168

(1)

Air Receivers (1926.306)

169

(1)

Alarms (1926.159 and .602)

170

(1)

Arc Welding and Cutting (1626.351)

171

(2)

Barricades (1926.202)

173

(1)

Barriers

173

(1)

Batteries (1926.441)

174

(1)

Change Rooms (1926.51)

174

(1)

Compressed Air, Use of (1926.302)

174

(1)

Compressed Air, Working Under

175

(1)

Compressed Gas Cylinders (1926.350)

176

(2)

Compressed Gas Welding

178

(1)

Concrete Construction (1926.701)

179

(2)

Concrete Cast-in-Place (1926.703)

181

(2)

Confined Spaces (1910.146 and 1926.21)

183

(5)

Construction Masonry (1926.706)

188

(1)

Conveyors (1926.555)

188

(1)

Cranes and Derricks (1926.550)

189

(11)

Rated Loads

189

(1)

Hand Signals

190

(1)

Crane Inspections

190

(1)

Wire Rope

190

(4)

Guarding

194

(1)

Fueling

195

(1)

Electrical Concerns

195

(1)

Modifications

196

(1)

Crawler, Locomotive, and Truck Cranes

196

(1)

Hammerhead Tower Cranes

196

(1)

Overhead and Gantry Cranes

196

(1)

Derricks

197

(1)

Floating Cranes and Derricks

197

(1)

Crane- and Derrick-Suspended Personnel Platforms

197

(1)

Platform Operations

197

(1)

Platform Specifications

198

(1)

Rigging

198

(1)

Inspection and Proof Test

199

(1)

Work Practices

199

(1)

Traveling

200

(1)

Prelift Meeting

200

(1)

Demolition (1926.850)

200

(3)

Chutes (1926.852)

201

(1)

Removal of Materials through Floor Openings (1926.853)

201

(1)

Removal of Walls, Masonry Sections, and Chimneys (1926.854)

201

(1)

Manual Removal of Floors (1926.855)

202

(1)

Removal of Walls, Floors, and Material with Equipment (1926.856)

202

(1)

Storage (1926.857)

202

(1)

Removal of Steel Construction (1926.858)

202

(1)

Mechanical Demolition (1926.859)

203

(1)

Selective Demolition by Explosives (1926.860)

203

(1)

Disposal Chutes (1926.252)

203

(1)

Diving (1926.1071)

204

(4)

Drinking Water

208

(1)

Eating and Drinking Areas (1926.51)

208

(1)

Egress (1926.34)

208

(1)

Electrical (1926.400)

208

(28)

General Requirements (1926.403)

208

(1)

Working Distances

209

(2)

Guarding Electrical Equipment

211

(1)

Conductors Exceeding 600 Volts

211

(1)

Installations Accessible to Unqualified Persons

212

(1)

Lighting Outlets

213

(1)

Wiring Design and Protection (1926.404)

213

(1)

Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters

213

(1)

Assured Grounding Program

213

(3)

Requirements for Outlets

216

(1)

Outdoor Conductors

216

(1)

Disconnects

217

(1)

Overcurrent Protection

217

(1)

Fuses and Circuit Breakers

218

(1)

Grounding

218

(1)

Separately Derived Systems

218

(1)

Portable- and Vehicle-Mounted Generators

219

(1)

Neutral Conductor Bonding

219

(1)

Ground Connections

219

(1)

Supports and Enclosures for Conductors

220

(1)

Nonelectrical Equipment

221

(1)

Effective Grounding

221

(1)

Bonded Conductors

221

(1)

Made Electrodes

221

(1)

Grounded High Voltage

221

(1)

Wiring Methods, Components, and Equipment for General Use (1926.405)

222

(1)

General Requirements

222

(1)

Temporary Wiring

222

(1)

General Requirements for Temporary Wiring

222

(1)

Receptacles Must be of the Grounding Type

222

(1)

Temporary Lights

223

(1)

Boxes

223

(1)

Flexible Cords and Cables

223

(1)

Guarding

224

(1)

Cabinets, Boxes, and Fittings

225

(1)

Knife Switches

225

(1)

Switchboards and Panelboards

225

(1)

Wet or Damp Locations

225

(1)

Conductors

225

(1)

Fixtures

226

(1)

Receptacles

226

(1)

Appliances

226

(1)

Motors

227

(1)

Transformers

228

(1)

Fire Protection

228

(1)

Transformer Guidelines

228

(1)

Capacitors

228

(1)

Specific Purpose Equipment and Installation (1926.406)

228

(1)

Elevators, Escalators, and Moving Walks

229

(1)

Electric Welder Disconnects

229

(1)

X-ray Equipment

229

(1)

Hazardous (Classified) Locations (1926.407)

230

(1)

Special Systems (1926.408)

231

(1)

Installations Emerging from the Ground

231

(1)

Interrupting and Isolating Devices

232

(1)

Mobile and Portable Equipment

232

(1)

Guarding Live Parts

232

(1)

Tunnel Installations

232

(1)

Classification: Class 1, Class 2, or Class 3 Remote Control, Signaling, or Power-Limited Circuits

233

(1)

Communications Systems

233

(1)

Electrical Work Practices (1926.416)

234

(1)

Lockout/Tagging of Circuits (1926.417)

234

(1)

Safety-Related Maintenance and Environmental Considerations

235

(1)

Maintenance of Equipment (1926.431)

235

(1)

Environmental Deterioration of Equipment (1926.432)

235

(1)

Employee Emergency Action Plans (1926.35)

236

(1)

Excavations/Trenches (1926.650)

236

(8)

Specific Excavation Requirements (1926.651)

237

(1)

Utilities

237

(1)

Egress Ramps and Runways

237

(1)

Equipment and Loads

238

(1)

Hazardous Atmospheres

239

(1)

Water Accumulation

239

(1)

Below Level Excavations

240

(1)

Loose Materials

240

(1)

Inspections

240

(1)

Walkways and Barriers

241

(1)

Requirements for Protective Systems (1926.652)

241

(1)

Slopes

241

(1)

Support, Shield, and Other Protective Systems

242

(2)

Shield Systems

244

(1)

Explosives and Blasting (1926.900)

244

(7)

Blaster Qualifications (1926.901)

245

(1)

General Provisions

245

(1)

Transporting Explosives (1926.902)

246

(1)

Use of Explosives (1926.904 and 905)

247

(1)

Electrical Blasting (1926.906)

248

(1)

Safety Fuse (1926.907)

249

(1)

Using Detonating Cord (1926.908)

250

(1)

Firing a Blast (1926.909)

250

(1)

Handling Misfires (1926.911)

251

(1)

General Guidelines

251

(1)

Eye and Face Protection (1926.102)

251

(1)

Fall Protection (1926.500-503)

252

(14)

Scope, Application, and Definitions Applicable to This Subpart (1926.500)

252

(1)

Duty to Have Fall Protection (1926.501)

253

(2)

Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices (1926.502)

255

(1)

Guardrail Systems

255

(2)

Safety Nets

257

(1)

Personal Fall Arresting System

258

(3)

Warning Lines

261

(2)

Safety Monitoring System

263

(1)

Covers

263

(1)

Overhead Protection

263

(2)

Fall Protection Plan

265

(1)

Training Requirements (1926.503)

266

(1)

Fire Protection and Prevention (1926.150)

266

(7)

Fire Prevention --- Storage (CFR 1926.151)

269

(1)

Flammable and Combustible Liquids (1926.152)

270

(3)

Flagperson (1926.201)

273

(1)

Floor and Wall Openings (1926.501)

273

(1)

Food Handling (1926.51)

273

(1)

Foot Protection (1926.96)

273

(1)

Hand Protection

274

(1)

Hand and Power Tools/Guarding (1926.300)

274

(1)

Hand Tools (1926.301)

275

(1)

Hazard Communications (1926.59)

276

(2)

Written Hazard Communication Program

277

(1)

Information Provided by the Employer

277

(1)

Training Provided by the Employer

277

(1)

Multiple Employer Sites

278

(1)

Owner's/Contractor's Responsibilities

278

(1)

Hazardous Waste Operations (1926.65)

278

(16)

Written Safety and Health Program

279

(1)

Site Safety and Health Plan

280

(1)

Site Evaluation

280

(2)

Site Control

282

(1)

Training

282

(2)

Medical Surveillance

284

(1)

Hazard Controls

285

(1)

Personal Protective Equipment

286

(1)

Monitoring

286

(1)

Handling and Transporting Hazardous Materials

287

(1)

Lab Packs

288

(1)

Drum or Container Staging

288

(1)

Decontamination

288

(1)

Emergency Response Plan

289

(1)

Sanitation

290

(1)

New Technologies

290

(1)

RCRA

290

(1)

Emergency Response

291

(3)

Emergency Response Training

294

(1)

Head Protection (1926.100)

294

(1)

Hearing Protection --- Occupational Noise Exposure (1926.52)

295

(1)

Heating Devices (Temporary) (1926.154)

296

(1)

Heavy Equipment, Preventing Slips and Falls

296

(1)

Helicopters (1926.551)

297

(2)

Hoist, Base-Mounted Drum (1926.553)

299

(1)

Hoists, Material (1926.552)

299

(2)

Hoist, Overhead (1926.554)

301

(1)

Hoist, Personnel

301

(2)

Housekeeping (1926.25)

303

(2)

Construction Safety: I through W

305

(124)

Illumination (1926.56)

305

(1)

Jacks (1926.305)

305

(1)

Ladders (1926.1053)

306

(7)

Fixed Ladders

307

(2)

Rules for All Ladders

309

(4)

Lift-Slab Construction (1926.705)

313

(1)

Liquid-Fuel Tools (1926.302)

314

(1)

Liquid Petroleum Gas (1926.153)

314

(1)

Lockout/Tagout (1910.147)

315

(6)

Energy Control Program

316

(1)

Lockout/Tagout Devices

317

(1)

Periodic Inspections

317

(1)

Training and Communications

318

(1)

Energy Isolation

319

(1)

Established Procedure

319

(1)

Lockout or Tagout Device Application

319

(1)

Stored Energy

319

(1)

Release from Lockout or Tagout

320

(1)

Testing or Positioning

320

(1)

Outside Personnel (Subcontractors, etc.)

320

(1)

Group Lockout or Tagout

321

(1)

Shift or Personnel Changes

321

(1)

Marine Equipment (1926.605)

321

(1)

Material Handling and Storage (1926.250)

322

(1)

Material Handling Equipment (1926.602)

323

(3)

Medical Services and First Aid (CFR 1926.23 and 50)

326

(1)

Motor Vehicles and Mechanized Equipment (1926.601)

327

(1)

Nonpotable Water (1926.51)

328

(1)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (1926.95)

328

(1)

Pile Driving (1926.603)

328

(2)

Pneumatic Tools (1926.302)

330

(1)

Potable Water (1926.51)

331

(1)

Powder-Actuated Guns (1926.302)

331

(2)

Power Tools (1926.300)

333

(1)

Power Tools, Electrical (1926.302)

333

(1)

Power Tools, Fuel Driven (1926.302)

334

(1)

Power Tools, Hydraulic (1926.302)

334

(1)

Power Transmission and Distribution (1926.950)

335

(5)

Tools and Protective Equipment (1926.951)

335

(1)

Mechanical Equipment (1926.952)

336

(1)

Material Handling (1926.953)

336

(1)

Grounding for Protection of Employees (1926.954)

336

(1)

Overhead Lines (1926.955)

337

(1)

Metal Tower Construction

337

(1)

Stringing and Removing De-energized Conductors

338

(1)

Stringing Adjacent to Energized Lines

338

(1)

Live-Line Bare-Hand Work

339

(1)

Underground Lines (1926.956)

339

(1)

Construction in Energized Substations (1926.957)

340

(1)

External Load Helicopters (1926.958)

340

(1)

Lineman's Body Belts, Safety Straps, and Lanyards (1926.959)

340

(1)

Precast Concrete (1926.704)

340

(1)

Process Chemical Safety Management (1926.64)

341

(6)

Requirements

342

(1)

Process Hazard Analysis

343

(1)

Employer Responsibility

344

(1)

Contractor Responsibility

345

(1)

The Process

345

(1)

New Operations

346

(1)

Hot Work

346

(1)

Management Change

346

(1)

Emergency Action Plan

347

(1)

Compliance Certification

347

(1)

Radiation, Ionizing (1926.53)

347

(1)

Radiation, Nonionizing (Lasers) (1926.54)

347

(1)

Rigging (1926.251)

348

(7)

Rigging Equipment for Material Handling (1926.251)

348

(1)

Welded Alloy Steel Chains (1926.251)

349

(1)

Wire Ropes (1926.251)

350

(2)

Synthetic Rope (1926.251)

352

(1)

Web Slings (1926.251)

353

(1)

Shackles and Hooks (1926.251)

354

(1)

Rollover Protective Structures (1926.1000)

355

(1)

Safety Harness

356

(1)

Safety Nets (1926.105 and 502)

356

(1)

Scaffolds (1926.450)

357

(12)

General Requirements (1926.451)

358

(1)

Platforms

358

(1)

Scaffold Components

359

(1)

Supporting Scaffolds

360

(1)

Suspension Scaffolds

361

(2)

Accessing Scaffolds

363

(1)

Stairrails

364

(1)

Stairways and Ramps

364

(1)

Integrated Scaffold Access

364

(1)

Access During Erecting or Dismantling

365

(1)

Other Scaffold Rules

365

(1)

Fall Protection

366

(2)

Falling Object Protection

368

(1)

Additional Requirements Applicable to Specific Types of Scaffolds (1926.452)

369

(10)

Pole Scaffolds

369

(1)

Tubular and Coupler Scaffolds

370

(1)

Fabricated Frame Scaffolds

371

(1)

Plasterers', Decorators', and Large Area Scaffolds

371

(1)

Bricklayers' Square Scaffolds

371

(1)

Horse Scaffolds

371

(1)

Form Scaffolds and Carpenters' Bracket Scaffolds

372

(1)

Roof Bracket Scaffolds

372

(1)

Outrigger Scaffolds

372

(1)

Pump Jack Scaffolds

373

(1)

Ladder Jack Scaffolds

373

(1)

Window Jack Scaffolds

374

(1)

Crawling Boards (Chicken Ladders)

374

(1)

Step, Platform, and Trestle Ladder Scaffolds

374

(1)

Single-Point Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds

374

(1)

Boatswains' Chair

374

(1)

Two-Point Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds (Swing Stages)

375

(1)

Multipoint Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds, Stonesetters' Multipoint Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds, and Masons' Multipoint Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds

375

(1)

Catenary Scaffolds

375

(1)

Float (Ship) Scaffolds

375

(1)

Interior Hung Scaffolds

376

(1)

Needle Beam Scaffolds

376

(1)

Multi-Level Suspended Scaffolds

376

(1)

Mobile Scaffolds

376

(1)

Repair Bracket Scaffolds

377

(1)

Stilts

378

(1)

Training Requirements (1926.454)

378

(1)

Signs, Signals, and Barricades

379

(1)

Accident Prevention Signs/Tags

379

(1)

Site Clearance (1926.604)

380

(1)

Slips, Trips, and Falls

381

(2)

Stairways (1926.1052)

383

(2)

Steel Erection (1926.750)

385

(14)

Site Layout, Site-Specific Plan and Construction Sequence (1926.752)

387

(1)

Approval to Begin Steel Erection

387

(1)

Commencement of Steel Erection

387

(1)

Site Layout

387

(1)

Pre-planning of Overhead Hoisting Operations

387

(1)

Site-specific Erection Plan

387

(1)

Hoisting and Rigging (1926.753)

388

(1)

Pre-shift Visual Inspection of Cranes

388

(1)

Working under Loads

388

(1)

Multiple Lift Rigging Procedure

389

(1)

Structural Steel Assembly (1926.754)

389

(1)

Walking/Working Surfaces

389

(1)

Plumbing-up

390

(1)

Hoisting, Landing and Placing of Metal Decking Bundles

390

(1)

Covering Roof and Floor Openings

390

(1)

Installation of Metal Decking

391

(1)

Derrick Floors

391

(1)

Column Anchorage (1926.755)

391

(1)

General Requirements for Erection Stability

391

(1)

Repair, Replacement or Field Modification of Anchor Rods (Anchor Bolts)

392

(1)

Beams and Columns (1926.756)

392

(1)

General

392

(1)

Diagonal Bracing

392

(1)

Double Connections at Columns and/or at Beam Webs over a Column

392

(1)

Column Splices

392

(1)

Perimeter Columns

392

(1)

Open Web Steel Joists (1926.757)

393

(1)

General

393

(1)

Field-Bolted Joists

393

(1)

Attachment of Steel Joists and Steel Joist Girders

394

(1)

Erection of Steel Joists

394

(1)

Erection Bridging

395

(1)

Landing and Placing Loads

396

(1)

System-Engineering Metal Buildings (1926.758)

396

(1)

Falling Object Protection (1926.759)

397

(1)

Securing Loose Items Aloft

397

(1)

Protection from Falling Objects other than Materials Being Hoisted

397

(1)

Fall Protection (1926.760)

397

(1)

General Requirements

397

(1)

Connectors

397

(1)

Controlled Decking Zone (CDZ)

397

(1)

Criteria for Fall Protection Equipment

398

(1)

Custody of Fall Protection

398

(1)

Training (1926.761)

398

(1)

Training Personnel

398

(1)

Fall Hazard Training

398

(1)

Special Training Programs

399

(1)

Temporary Sleeping Quarters (1926.51)

399

(1)

Tire Cages (1926.600)

399

(1)

Toeboards

399

(1)

Toilets (1926.51)

399

(1)

Transportation

400

(1)

Tunnels/Shaft (Underground Construction) (1926.800)

401

(13)

Underground Construction (1926.800)

401

(1)

Egress and Access

402

(1)

Check-In/Check-Out

402

(1)

Communications

402

(1)

Emergencies

402

(1)

Gassy Operations

403

(1)

Air Quality

404

(1)

Hydrogen Sulfide

404

(1)

Flammable Gases

405

(1)

Ventilation

405

(1)

Illumination

406

(1)

Fire Prevention

406

(1)

Unstable Formations

407

(1)

Explosives and Blasting

408

(2)

Drilling

410

(1)

General Guidelines

410

(1)

Power Haulage

410

(1)

Electrical Safety

411

(1)

Cranes

411

(3)

Caissons (1926.801)

414

(1)

Cofferdams (1926.802)

414

(1)

Compressed Air (1926.803)

414

(7)

Medical Requirements

414

(1)

Medical Lock

415

(1)

Identifying Workers

415

(1)

Communications

416

(1)

Signs and Records

416

(1)

Compression

416

(1)

Decompression

417

(1)

Manlocks

417

(1)

Special Decompression Chamber

418

(1)

Compressor Plant and Air Supply

418

(1)

Compressed Air Ventilation and Air Quality

419

(1)

Sanitation

420

(1)

Fire Prevention

420

(1)

Bulkheads and Safety Screens

421

(1)

Vermin Control (1926.51)

421

(1)

Washing Facilities (1926.51)

421

(1)

Welding (1926.350)

422

(4)

Fire Prevention (1926.352)

422

(2)

Ventilation and Protection in Welding, Cutting, and Heating (1926.353)

424

(1)

Welding, Cutting, and Heating of Preservative Coatings (1926.354)

425

(1)

Woodworking Tools (1926.304)

426

(1)

Working over Water (1926.106)

427

(2)

Industrial Hygiene Activities in Construction

429

(60)

Background

429

(2)

Construction Industrial Hygiene

431

(1)

Physical Hazards

431

(13)

Ergonomic Hazards

432

(1)

Noise

433

(1)

The Ear

434

(2)

Biological Effects of Noise Exposure

436

(1)

Heat Stress

436

(5)

Cold Stress

441

(1)

Radiation

442

(2)

Health Hazards

444

(6)

Acute Health Effects

445

(2)

Chronic Health Effects

447

(1)

Chronic Disease

448

(1)

Birth Defects/Infertility

448

(1)

Biological Hazards

449

(1)

Routes of Entry and Modes of Action

450

(15)

The Cell

450

(1)

Eyes

450

(1)

Eye Hazards

450

(1)

Lungs and Inhalation

451

(2)

Respiration

453

(1)

Natural Defenses

454

(1)

Skin Absorption

455

(1)

Ingestion

456

(1)

Personal Exposure Guides

457

(1)

Chemical Exposure Guidelines

458

(1)

Time-Weighted Average (TWA)

459

(1)

Short-Term Exposure Limits (STELs)

460

(1)

Ceiling Limit

460

(1)

Skin Absorption Notation

460

(1)

Types of Airborne Contaminants

461

(1)

Dusts

461

(1)

Fumes

462

(1)

Gases

463

(1)

Mists

464

(1)

Vapors

464

(1)

Typical Hazardous Chemicals in Construction

465

(6)

Solvents

465

(1)

Cleaners

466

(1)

Acids and Bases

466

(2)

Adhesives and Sealants

468

(1)

Fuels

468

(2)

Wood

470

(1)

Exposure Monitoring

471

(4)

Biological Monitoring

475

(3)

Medical Questionnaire

475

(1)

Pulmonary Function Tests

476

(1)

Electrocardiogram

476

(1)

Chest X-rays

477

(1)

Known Cancer-Causing Chemicals and Hazardous Construction Materials

478

(1)

Construction Training Requirements

478

(11)

Personal Protective Equipment

489

(46)

Introduction

489

(3)

Protective Equipment for Noise

489

(1)

Eye Protection

490

(1)

Head Protection

491

(1)

Foot Protection

491

(1)

Hand Protection

492

(1)

Chemical-Protective Equipment Standards

492

(5)

Chemical-Protective Clothing

497

(1)

Protective-Clothing Applications

498

(1)

The Clothing Ensemble

499

(1)

Level of Protection

500

(3)

EPA Levels of Protection

500

(3)

Ensemble Selection Factors

503

(5)

Chemical Hazards

503

(1)

Physical Environment

503

(1)

Duration of Exposure

504

(1)

Protective Clothing

504

(1)

Classification of Protective Clothing

504

(1)

Performance

505

(1)

Design

506

(2)

Service Life

508

(1)

Protective Clothing Selection Factors

508

(3)

Clothing Design

508

(1)

Design Considerations

508

(1)

Material Chemical Resistance

508

(1)

Permeation

509

(1)

Degradation

510

(1)

Penetration

510

(1)

Sources of Information

510

(1)

Physical Properties

511

(1)

Ease of Decontamination

511

(1)

Cost

511

(1)

General Guidelines

511

(4)

Decide if the Clothing Item is Intended to Provide Vapor, Liquid-Splash, or Particulate Protection

511

(1)

Determine if the Clothing Item Provides Full Body Protection

512

(1)

Evaluate Manufacturer Chemical Resistance Data Provided with the Clothing

512

(2)

Obtain and Examine the Manufacturer's Instruction or Technical Manual

514

(1)

Obtain and Inspect Sample Clothing Item Garments

514

(1)

Field Selection of Chemical-Protective Clothing

514

(1)

Management Program

515

(1)

Written Management Program

515

(1)

Program Review and Evaluation

515

(1)

Types of Standard Operating Procedures

515

(1)

Selection of Protective Clothing Components

516

(1)

Clothing Donning, Doffing, and Use

516

(3)

Donning the Ensemble

516

(1)

Doffing an Ensemble

517

(1)

Sample Donning Procedures

517

(1)

Sample Doffing Procedures

518

(1)

User Monitoring and Training

519

(1)

Work Mission Duration

519

(1)

Decontamination Procedures

519

(4)

Definition and Types

519

(1)

Prevention of Contamination

520

(1)

Contamination Due to Permeation

520

(1)

Decontamination Methods

521

(1)

Testing the Effectiveness of Decontamination

521

(1)

Decontamination Plan

522

(1)

Decontamination for Protective Clothing Reuse

522

(1)

Emergency Decontamination

523

(1)

Inspection, Storage, and Maintenance

523

(2)

Inspection

523

(1)

Records

524

(1)

Storage

525

(1)

Maintenance

525

(1)

Training

525

(1)

Heat Stress Due to Clothing

526

(1)

Body Water Loss

527

(1)

Respiratory Protection

527

(3)

Respiratory Protection Physical Limitations

527

(1)

Air-Purifying Respirators

528

(1)

Limitations of Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs)

529

(1)

Respirator Fit

529

(1)

Qualitative Fit Testing

529

(1)

Quantitative Fit Testing

530

(1)

Routine Personal Fit Tests

530

(1)

Medical Fitness to Wear a Respirator

530

(1)

Facial Hair and Respiratory Protection

530

(1)

Care and Cleaning of Respirators

531

(1)

Inspection

531

(1)

Cleaning and Disinfecting

531

(1)

Repairs

532

(1)

Storage

532

(1)

Respirator Program

532

(1)

NIOSH Recommendation

533

(2)

Ergonomics in Construction

535

(30)

Back Injury Prevention

535

(13)

Back Injury --- Background

535

(4)

Preventive Actions

539

(2)

Good Health and a Healthy Back

541

(1)

Anatomy of Back Structure

542

(1)

Back Injury Management

543

(1)

First Aid: Taking Care of Your Own Back

544

(1)

Warm-Up and Stretching Exercises

545

(1)

Use of Back Belts

545

(1)

Preventing Back Injuries

546

(1)

Back Injury Prevention Program

546

(1)

Summary

547

(1)

Cumulative Trauma Disorders in Construction

548

(4)

Preventing CTDs

552

(1)

Construction Tasks and Ergonomic Risks

552

(4)

Tools and Their Design

556

(6)

Hand Tool Design to Reduce CTDs

556

(4)

Existing Equipment/Tools and Their Applications

560

(2)

Conducting Ergonomics Assessments

562

(1)

Ergonomics Regulations

563

(1)

Ergonomics Programs

563

(1)

Summary

563

(1)

References

563

(2)

Construction Safety and Health Manual

565

(20)

Cover

565

(2)

Safety and Health Policy

567

(1)

Table of Contents or Index

567

(1)

Responsibility and Accountability

567

(1)

Company Policies and Procedures

568

(3)

Parking Facilities and Site Access

568

(1)

Identification

568

(1)

Driving Rules

568

(1)

Security

569

(1)

Employment

569

(1)

Hours of Work

569

(1)

Checking in and out

569

(1)

Payday

569

(1)

A Full Day's Work

569

(1)

Issuing, Care, and Use of Materials and Equipment

570

(1)

Visits to the Doctor

570

(1)

Coffee, Smoking, and Vending Machines

570

(1)

Drinking Water

570

(1)

Sanitary Facilities

570

(1)

Remaining in the Work Area

570

(1)

Absence from Work

570

(1)

A Category-One Violation

571

(1)

A Category-Two Violation

571

(1)

Some Cardinal Safety and Health Rules

571

(1)

Special Emphasis Programs and Permit-Required Procedures/Initiatives

572

(1)

Special Section on First Aid

572

(1)

Other Sections

573

(1)

Rules and SOPs for Construction-Specific Tasks

573

(10)

Reference Materials, Diagrams, and Illustrations

583

(1)

Acknowledgment of Receipt of S&H Handbook/Manual

583

(2)

OSHA Compliance

585

(34)

OSHA Standards

586

(1)

Protections Under the OSHAct

587

(1)

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

588

(2)

Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC)

590

(1)

Employer Responsibilities Under the OSHAct

591

(1)

Workers' Rights and Responsibilities Under the OSHAct

591

(1)

Discrimination Against Workers

592

(1)

Right to Information

593

(1)

Assuring a Safe and Healthy Workplace

593

(1)

Workers' Complaints

594

(1)

OSHA Inspections

594

(2)

Workers' Complaints and Requests for Inspections

596

(1)

Citations, Penalties, and other Enforcement Measures

596

(2)

State OSHA Plans

598

(1)

Worker Training

599

(1)

Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

599

(6)

Medical and Exposure Records

605

(2)

Posting

607

(1)

What to do When OSHA Comes Knocking

607

(4)

Inspection Process

609

(1)

Mitigating the Damage

609

(1)

Closing Conference

610

(1)

After the Inspector Leaves

610

(1)

Make the Inspection a Positive Experience

610

(1)

Focused Inspections in Construction

611

(4)

Specific Guidelines

613

(2)

Multi-Employer Worksites

615

(1)

Summary

616

(1)

References

616

(3)

Construction Standards

619

(36)

Federal Laws

619

(1)

OSHAct

619

(1)

The Content of the OSHAct

619

(3)

The Regulatory Process

622

(2)

The Federal Register

624

(1)

The Code of Federal Regulations

624

(2)

Regulation Paragraph Numbering System

626

(2)

29 CFR 1926 --- Safety and Health Regulations for Construction

628

(26)

Subpart A --- General

628

(1)

Subpart B --- General Interpretations

628

(1)

Subpart C --- General Safety and Health Provisions

629

(1)

Subpart D --- Occupational Health and Environmental Controls

630

(2)

Subpart E --- Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment

632

(1)

Subpart F --- Fire Protection and Prevention

633

(1)

Subpart G --- Signs, Signals, and Barricades

634

(1)

Subpart H --- Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal

634

(1)

Subpart I --- Tools: Hand and Power

635

(1)

Subpart J --- Welding and Cutting

636

(1)

Subpart K --- Electrical

637

(2)

Subpart L --- Scaffolding

639

(1)

Subpart M --- Fall Protection

640

(1)

Subpart N --- Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors

641

(1)

Subpart O --- Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations

642

(1)

Subpart P --- Excavations

643

(1)

Subpart Q --- Concrete and Masonry Construction

644

(1)

Subpart R --- Steel Erection

645

(1)

Subpart S --- Tunnels, Shafts, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air

646

(1)

Subpart T --- Demolition

647

(1)

Subpart U --- Blasting and Use of Explosives

648

(1)

Subpart V --- Power Transmission and Distribution

649

(1)

Subpart W --- Rollover Protective Structures, Overhead Protection

650

(1)

Subpart X --- Stairways and Ladders

651

(1)

Subpart Y --- Commercial Diving Operations

652

(1)

Subpart Z --- Toxic and Hazardous Substances

653

(1)

More Detailed and Other Sources of Regulatory Information

654

(1)

Workers' Compensation

655

(12)

Employers' Liability

655

(1)

Workers' Compensation as an Exclusive Remedy

656

(1)

Covered Employment

657

(1)

Covered Events

657

(1)

Selecting the Physician

658

(1)

Benefits

659

(1)

Cash Benefits

659

(3)

Benefits for Total Disability

660

(1)

Benefits for Partial Disability

661

(1)

Survivor Benefits

661

(1)

Medical Benefits

662

(1)

Rehabilitation

662

(1)

Background

662

(1)

Medical Rehabilitation

662

(1)

Vocational Rehabilitation

663

(1)

Administration

663

(1)

Risk Management

664

(2)

Insurance

664

(1)

Loss Control

665

(1)

Summary

666

(1)

References

666

(1)

Resources and Information Access

667

(12)

The Computer

668

(1)

Professional Organizations and Agencies

668

(2)

Federal Government Sources

670

(1)

Construction-Related Associations

671

(3)

Electronic Sources (Internet)

674

(2)

Government

675

(1)

Other Sources

675

(1)

Consultants

675

(1)

Construction Organizations

676

(1)

Books

676

(1)

Selecting Consultants

677

(2)

Construction Terms and Slang

679

(42)

Construction Terms

679

(35)

Construction Slang

714

(5)

Reference

719

(2)

Summary

721

(8)

Planning the Safety and Health Initiative

722

(1)

The People in Construction Safety and Health

722

(6)

Construction Workers

722

(1)

Supervisors

723

(1)

The Supervisor's Ten Commandments of Safety

724

(1)

Safety and Health Professionals

725

(1)

Contractors

725

(1)

People

726

(1)

Programs

726

(1)

Hazards

727

(1)

OSHA/Regulations

727

(1)

This Book is for You

728

(1)

Incorporate Safety and Health

728

(1)

Appendix A NAICS versus SIC

729

(4)

Appendix B Construction Training Requirements

733

(22)

Appendix C Sample of Written Hazard Communication Program

755

(4)

Company Policy

755

(1)

Company Commitment

755

(1)

Employee Responsibility

756

(1)

Program Manager/Coordinator

756

(1)

Chemical Inventory

756

(1)

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Policy

756

(1)

Container Labeling Policy

757

(1)

Employee Information

757

(1)

Hazardous Nonroutine Tasks

758

(1)

Emergency Procedures

758

(1)

Multi-Employer Jobsites

758

(1)

Appendix D 29 CFR 1926 Construction Standards --- Jobsite Audit Instruments

759

(18)

Safety-Related Work Practices

767

(1)

Safety-Related Maintenance and Environmental Considerations

767

(1)

Safety Requirements for Special Equipment

767

(10)

Appendix E Electrical Hazardous Location Classification

777

(6)

Appendix F Rigging --- The Crosby User's Lifting Guide

783

(12)

Appendix G Jobsite Rules

795

(4)

Appendix H Ergonomics Program Survey Instruments

799

(18)

Appendix I OSHA Regional Offices and Offices of State-Approved Plans

817

(6)

Appendix J 29 CFR 1926 Key Words

823

(8)

Appendix K Definitions for Subparts of 29 CFR 1926

831

(42)

Appendix L Crane Illustrations

873

(8)

Appendix M Scaffolds and Aerial Lift Illustration

881

(38)

Index

919

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