Handbook of Surfactant Analysis Chemical,

* Other physical and physico-chemical methods

Dieter O. Hummel is the author of Handbook of Surfactant Analysis: Chemical, Physico-chemical and Physical Methods, published by Wiley.

Preface to the First Edition

xi

Preface to the Second Edition

xiii

Preface to the English Edition

xv

Abbreviations

xvii

Introduction

1

(20)

Historical

1

(1)

Surface Activity: Definitions, Terminology and Literature

1

(1)

Surfactants in Industry and the Home

2

(2)

Structural Characteristics of Surfactants

4

(6)

The Position Today

4

(1)

Surface-Active Anions

4

(1)

Surface-Active Cations

5

(1)

Surface-Inactive Ions

6

(1)

Nonionic Hydrophilic Groups

6

(1)

Lipophilic Groups

7

(1)

Structure and Surface Activity

8

(2)

Classification of Surfactants

10

(11)

Sample Preparation, Isolation And Characterization Of Surfactants And Determination Of Surface-Active Ions

21

(26)

Sampling

21

(1)

Determination of Surfactants in Multicomponent Systems

21

(2)

Isolation of Surfactants from Multicomponent Systems

23

(12)

Components of Mixtures

23

(1)

Extraction of Surfactants from Solid and Dry Mixtures

23

(1)

Isolation of Surfactants from Aqueous Solution

24

(3)

Isolation of Surfactants from Aqueous Emulsions

27

(1)

Isolation and Analysis of Surfactants from Waste Water, Sewage Sludge, Soil or Formulations

27

(8)

Determination of the Charge on the Surfactant Ion

35

(8)

Electrolytic Deposition of the Surfactant Ion

35

(1)

Precipitation of a Surfactant Ion with an Oppositely Charged Ion

35

(3)

Formation of Dye Salts

38

(3)

Detection of Amphoteric Surfactants

41

(1)

Detection of Ionic Ethylene Oxide Adducts

42

(1)

Detection of Surface-Inactive Ions

43

(4)

Metal, Ammonium and Alkylammonium Ions

43

(1)

Nitrazol Test for Ammonium, Ethanolammonium and Diethanolammonium Ions

44

(1)

Triethanolamine (Method of Hempel and Hintermaier)

44

(1)

Chloride

44

(1)

Sulfate

44

(1)

Phosphate and Silicate

44

(3)

Elementary Composition And Structural Characteristics: Controlled Degradation

47

(34)

Heteroelements

47

(2)

Potassium Fusion (Halogens, N, S)

47

(1)

Sodium Carbonate/Potassium Nitrate Fusion (Halogens, P, S)

48

(1)

Structural Units

49

(27)

CH Molecular Structures

53

(3)

CHN(O) Compounds

56

(18)

CHO Compounds

74

(1)

CHOS Compounds

75

(1)

Other Structures

76

(1)

Controlled Degradation

76

(5)

Hydrolysis of Esters

76

(2)

Hydrolysis of Amides

78

(1)

Cleavage of Ethers with HI

79

(1)

Thermal Cleavage

79

(2)

Separation Of Mixtures Of Surfactants

81

(90)

Liquid--Liquid Extraction

82

(2)

Extraction of Poly(oxyethylene)diols from EO Adducts

82

(1)

Extraction of Free Alcohols from EO Adducts

82

(1)

Extraction of Neutral Components (Neutral Oil) from Sulfonates

83

(1)

Liquid Chromatography (Adsorption, Partition, Gel Permeation; Excluding HPLC)

84

(39)

Column Chromatography

84

(20)

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Combinations of TLC with Other Methods

104

(19)

Separation on Ion Exchangers

123

(9)

Separation of Anionic from Nonionic Surfactants

123

(5)

Separation of Cationic from Nonionic Surfactants

128

(3)

Separation of Amphoteric Surfactants from other Surfactants

131

(1)

Other Ion Exchange Methods

131

(1)

Gas Chromatography (GC) and Pyrolysis--GC with Methods for Identifying the Fractions

132

(35)

Fundamental Principles

132

(1)

Direct Injection of Volatile Substances, Starting Materials and Auxiliary Substances

133

(6)

Anionic Surfactants, Mixtures with Nonionic Surfactants

139

(7)

Cationic and Amphoteric Surfactants

146

(5)

Nonionic Surfactants and EO Adducts

151

(6)

Pyrolysis--GC

157

(10)

Electrophoresis

167

(3)

Other Separation Methods

170

(1)

Selected Methods For The Quantitative Analysis Of Surfactants

171

(68)

Anionic Surfactants

171

(25)

Precipitation with para-Toluidinium Chloride and Titration against NaOH

171

(1)

Turbidimetric Titration against Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

172

(2)

Titration against Quaternary Ammonium Compounds using Ionic Dyes as Indicators

174

(8)

Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry

182

(3)

Determination of the (Mean) Molar Mass of Sulfonates

185

(1)

Hydrolysis of Alkyl Sulfates Followed by Titration

186

(1)

Ion Exchange

187

(9)

Cationic Surfactants

196

(16)

Volumetric Analysis

196

(4)

Gravimetric Analysis

200

(1)

Colorimetric, Spectrophotometric and Densitometric Analysis

201

(10)

Determination of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in the Presence of EO Adducts

211

(1)

Amphoteric Surfactants

212

(1)

Nonionic Surfactants, EO Adducts

213

(14)

Precipitation with Heteropoly-Acids of Group VIa

213

(1)

Precipitation with Ferrocyanide (Volumetric Method of Schonfeldt)

214

(1)

Direct Volumetric Methods

215

(1)

Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry

216

(2)

Turbidimetry

218

(1)

Determination of the Amount of EO in EO Adducts

219

(1)

Chain Length Distribution in EO Adducts

220

(4)

Poly(oxyethylene)diol in EO Adducts

224

(2)

Alkylpolyglucosides

226

(1)

Solubilizers and Auxiliaries

227

(4)

Sodium Cumenesulfonate and Sodium Toluenesulfonates

227

(1)

Cumenesulfonate in Washing Agents

228

(1)

Sulfones in Cumenesulfonate and Toluenesulfonates

228

(1)

Free Cumene in Sodium Cumenesulfonate

228

(1)

Sodium Methyl Sulfate

228

(1)

Urea

229

(1)

Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose

229

(1)

Complexing Agents

230

(1)

Special Methods

231

(8)

Water Content

231

(1)

Saponification Number

232

(1)

Rosin Acids in the Presence of Fatty Acids

232

(1)

Hydroxyl Number

233

(1)

Nitrogen

233

(1)

Chlorine and Bromine, and Chloride

234

(1)

Sulfur and Sulfate

235

(2)

Phosphorus and Phosphate

237

(2)

Spectrometry

239

(84)

Vibrational Spectrometry

239

(31)

Excitation Conditions and Selection Rules

239

(1)

IR and Raman Spectrometry of Surfactants--a Comparison

240

(4)

The Heuristic Concept of Electrical and Mechanical Vibration Coupling in Molecules

244

(4)

Partial Structures and Partial Spectra, and Characteristic Combinations of Bands

248

(3)

Computer-Aided Evaluation of Spectral Data

251

(9)

Practical Examples

260

(10)

UV and VIS Spectrometry

270

(5)

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry

275

(12)

1H-NMR Spectrometry

275

(9)

13C-NMR Spectrometry

284

(1)

31P-NMR Spectrometry

285

(2)

Mass Spectrometry

287

(31)

Fundamentals

287

(1)

EI Mass Spectrometry of Undecomposed Volatile Substances (Derivatized Surfactants, Starting Substances and Auxiliaries)

288

(3)

Fragmenting Volatilization and EI Mass Spectrometry

291

(3)

FD Mass Spectrometry and its Combination with Other Methods

294

(8)

FAB Mass Spectrometry

302

(10)

CI Mass Spectrometry

312

(6)

Other Spectrometric Methods

318

(5)

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

318

(2)

X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis

320

(3)

Electrometry And Other Physical And Physico-Chemical Methods

323

(38)

Electrometry

323

(34)

Ion-Specific Electrodes (ISEs), Potentiometry and Potentiometric Titrations

323

(24)

Polarography and Tensammetry

347

(10)

Measurements of 14C-Labeled Surfactants and their Degradation Products

357

(4)

Refereces

361

(28)

Books and Monographs

361

(1)

Fundamental Principles

361

(1)

Analysis

361

(1)

Original Papers

362

(27)

Chemical Analysis of Sufactants and Related Auxiliaries

362

(6)

Physico-chemical and Physical Methods of Surfactant Analysis

368

(11)

Separation of Surfactant Mixtures and Formulations

379

(8)

Identification of Structural Units in Surfactant Molecules

387

(1)

Inorganic Substances and Ions, and Elemental Analysis

388

(1)

Index

389

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Handbook of Surfactant Analysis Chemical, Physico-chemical and Physical Methods

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Handbook of Surfactant Analysis Chemical, Physico-chemical and Physical Methods

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Author Biography

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