Hard Road to Freedom

A history of the African American experience from their arrival on American shores to the present day highlights their contributions, struggles, fight for equality, and their place in multicultural America.

James Oliver Horton, the Benjamin Banneker Professor of American Studies and History at the George Washington University, directs the African American Communities Project at the Smithsonian Institution Lois E. Horton is a professor of sociology and American studies at George Mason University

List of Illustrations and Maps

vii

Acknowledgments

xi

Introduction

1

(5)

Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade

6

(20)

The Evolution of Slavery in British North America

26

(26)

Slavery and Freedom in the Age of Revolution

52

(24)

The Early Republic and the Rise of the Cotton Kingdom

76

(28)

Salvery and the Slave Community

104

(22)

Free People of Color and the Fight against Slavery

126

(24)

From Militancy to Civil War

150

(26)

From Reconstruction to Jim Crow

176

(24)

Populism, Industrial Unions, and the Politics of Race

200

(26)

The Harlem Renaissance between the Wars

226

(22)

Depression and War

248

(20)

The Postwar Civil Rights Movement

268

(26)

From Civil Rights to Black Power

294

(28)

Conservatism and Race in Multicultural America

322

(18)

Race-ing to the Millennium

340

(17)

Notes

357

(32)

Index

389

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Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials