Hate Crimes

Violence directed at victimized groups because of their real or imagined characteristics is as old as humankind. Why, then, have hate crimes” only recently become recognized as a serious social problem, especially in the United States? This book addresses a timely set of questions about the politics and dynamics of intergroup violence manifested as discrimination. Readings: A Journal of Reviews and Commentary in Mental Health noted that, This book provides a helpful account of how the social groups in the U.S. have responded to the social scourge of hate crime. It offers a clear and valuable explanation of this complex problem.”

Valerie Jenness is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Criminology, Law & Society in the School of Social Ecology at the University of California, Irvine.

Acknowledgments
Introduction
The Social Problem of Hate-Motivated Violence	p. 3
Social Problems and Victimization	p. 5
Social Movements and Collective Action Frames	p. 8
New Institutionalism and the Diffusion of Cultural Forms	p. 10
Empirical Focus and Data Collection	p. 13
Method of Analysis	p. 15
Overview of the Book	p. 16
New Discourse on Violence and the Production of Hate Crimes
A History of Violence	p. 21
The Convergence of New Social Movements	p. 22
SMOs and Newfound Attention to an Old Problem	p. 31
The Politics of Violence and Attendant Legal Transformations	p. 36
The Extension of Victim Status to Multiple Constitutences	p. 44
Discovering and Expanding the Domain
Antigay and Lesbian Violence	p. 49
The Establishment of Gay- and Lesbian-Sponsored Antiviolence Projects	p. 50
Coalition-Building around Intolerance	p. 55
Discovering and Documenting Violence	p. 59
Publicizing and Epidemic of Antigay and Lesbian Violence	p. 65
Expanding the Domain of the Problem	p. 69
Framing the Problem
Data Collection and Beyond	p. 75
Crisis Intervention and Victim Assistance	p. 77
A New Form of Sexual Terrorism	p. 80
Educational Campaigns	p. 88
Street Patrols	p. 101
The Missing Gender	p. 103
Domain Expansion and Framing	p. 105
Contemporary Antiviolence Against Women Campaigns
The Feminist Movement's Historic Focus on Violence	p. 111
Defining the Organizational Field	p. 113
State Coalitions	p. 114
National Organizations	p. 128
The Institutionalization of Structured Lines of Communication	p. 132
Setting the Stage for Innovation and Diffusion of Cultural Forms	p. 135
Innovation and Diffusion of the Violence Against Women Act
Innovation and Diffusion of Cultural Forms	p. 139
Violence Against Women, Feminism, and the Law	p. 141
The Violence Against Women Act as an Innovative Idea	p. 144
A Key Element in the Institutional Environment	p. 151
At Play in the Field of Law	p. 157
Diffusion of a Policy Pedigree	p. 163
Hate Crime as a Social Problem: Theoretical Implications
The Discovery of Victims and the Criminalization of Injuries	p. 171
Moving Beyond Hate: Theoretical Implications	p. 173
Gay- and Lesbian-Sponsored Antiviolence Projects in the United States	p. 183
An Overview of the Organizational Field	p. 187
References	p. 189
Statutes Cited	p. 207
Index	p. 208
Table of Contents provided by Blackwell. All Rights Reserved.

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