Health and Numbers A Problems-Based

Like its two successful previous editions, Health & Numbers: A Problems-Based Introduction to Biostatistics, Third Edition, is the only fully problems-based introduction to biostatistics and offers a concise introduction to basic statistical concepts and reasoning at a level suitable for a broad spectrum of students and professionals in medicine and the allied health fields. This book has always been meant for use by advanced students who have not previously had an introductory biostatistics course - material often presented in a one-semester course - or by busy professionals who need to learn the basics of biostatistics. This user-friendly resource features over 200 real-life examples and real data to discuss and teach fundamental statistical methods. The new edition offers even more exercises than the second edition, and features enhanced Microsoft Excel and SAS samples and examples. Health & Numbers, Third Edition, truly strikes a balance between principles and methods of calculation that is particularly useful for students in medicine and health-related fields who need to know biostatistics.

Chap T. Le, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Biostatistics in the School of Public Health at the University of Minnesota. A prolific and widely published author, Dr. Le has taught survival analysis and courses on basic biostatistical methods for over two decades. His health-related research focuses on analyses of survival and categorical data from clinical trials, epidemiological and laboratory studies, with major concentrations in the areas of otitis media (ear infection in children) and various cancers.

Preface	p. xi
Introduction from the First Edition	p. xv
Proportions, Rates, and Ratios	p. 1
Proportions	p. 1
Comparative Studies	p. 2
Screening Tests	p. 5
Displaying Proportions	p. 7
Rates	p. 12
Changes	p. 12
Measures of Morbidity and Mortality	p. 13
Standardization of Rates	p. 15
Ratios	p. 18
Relative Risk	p. 18
Odds and Odds Ration	p. 19
The Mantel-Haenszel Method	p. 21
Computational and Visual Aids	p. 26
Computer Screen	p. 27
Formula Bar	p. 27
Cut and Paste	p. 27
Select and Drag	p. 28
Bar and Pie Charts	p. 28
Rate Standardization	p. 29
Forming 2 × 2 Tables	p. 30
Exercises	p. 31
Organization, Summarization, and Presentation of Data	p. 52
Tabular and Graphical Methods	p. 52
One-Way Scatter Plots	p. 52
Frequency Distribution	p. 53
Histogram and the Frequency Polygon	p. 57
The Cumulative Frequency Graph and Percentiles	p. 63
Numerical Methods	p. 68
Mean	p. 69
Other Measures of Location	p. 70
Measures of Dispersion	p. 71
Coefficient of Correlation	p. 74
Visual and Computational Aids	p. 79
Histograms	p. 79
Descriptive Statistics	p. 80
Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation	p. 81
Exercises	p. 82
Probability and Probability Models	p. 98
Probability	p. 98
The Certainty of Uncertainty	p. 99
Probability	p. 99
Rules of Probabilities	p. 101
Statistical Relationship	p. 103
Using Screening Tests	p. 104
Measuring Agreement	p. 106
The Normal Distribution	p. 110
Shape of the Normal Curve	p. 110
Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve	p. 112
The Normal as a Probability Model	p. 118
Probability Models	p. 120
Variables and Distributions	p. 121
Probability Models For Discrete Data	p. 121
Probability Models For Continuous Data	p. 125
Computational Aids	p. 127
Normal Curves	p. 127
The "t" Curves	p. 128
Exercises	p. 130
Confidence Estimation	p. 135
Basic Concepts	p. 136
Statistics as Variables	p. 136
Sampling Distributions	p. 137
Introduction to Confidence Estimation	p. 139
Estimation of a Population Mean	p. 140
Confidence Intervals for a Population Mean	p. 142
Use of Small Samples	p. 144
Evaluation of Interventions	p. 145
Estimation of a Population Proportion	p. 148
Estimation of a Population Odds Ratio	p. 152
Estimation of a Population Correlation Coefficient	p. 155
A Note on Computation	p. 158
Exercises	p. 158
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing	p. 171
Basic Concepts	p. 172
Hypothesis Tests	p. 173
Statistical Evidence	p. 174
Errors	p. 174
Analogies	p. 177
Trials by Jury	p. 177
Medical Screening Tests	p. 177
Common Expectations	p. 178
Summaries and Conclusions	p. 179
Rejection Region	p. 179
Relationship to Confidence Intervals	p. 182
Exercises	p. 183
Comparison of Population Proportions	p. 186
One-Sample Problem with Binary Data	p. 186
Analysis of Pair-Matched Binary Data	p. 188
Comparison of Two Proportions	p. 191
The Mantel-Haenszel Method	p. 196
Computational Aids	p. 201
Exercises	p. 203
Comparison of Population Means	p. 215
One-Sample Problem with Continuous Data	p. 215
Analysis of Pair-Matched Data	p. 217
Comparison of Two Means	p. 221
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	p. 225
Computational Aids	p. 229
Exercises	p. 231
Regression Analysis	p. 243
Simple Regression Analysis	p. 244
The Simple Linear Regression Model	p. 244
The Scatter Diagram	p. 244
Meaning of Regression Parameters	p. 245
Estimation of Parameters	p. 246
Testing for Independence	p. 250
Analysis of Variance Approach	p. 252
Multiple Regression Analysis	p. 254
Regression Model with Several Independent Variables	p. 254
Meaning of Regression Parameters	p. 255
Effect Modifications	p. 255
Polynomial Regression	p. 256
Estimation of Parameters	p. 257
Analysis of Variance Approach	p. 257
Testing Hypotheses in Multiple Linear Regression	p. 258
Graphical and Computational Aids	p. 262
Exercises	p. 264
Bibliography	p. 271
Appendices	p. 275
Table of Random Numbers	p. 276
Area Under the Standard Normal Curve	p. 277
Percentiles of the t Distributions	p. 279
Percentiles of Chi-square Distributions	p. 279
Percentiles of the F Distributions	p. 280
Answers to Selected Exercises	p. 281
Index	p. 303
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Health and Numbers A Problems-Based Introduction to Biostatistics

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