Heat Transfer Evolution, Design and Performance

Provides authoritative coverage of the fundamentals of heat transfer, written by one of the most cited authors in all of Engineering

Heat Transfer presents the fundamentals of the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of heat between physical systems. A pioneer in establishing heat transfer as a pillar of the modern thermal sciences, Professor Adrian Bejan presents the fundamental concepts and problem-solving methods of the discipline, predicts the evolution of heat transfer configurations, the principles of thermodynamics, and more.

Building upon his classic 1993 book Heat Transfer, the author maintains his straightforward scientific approach to teaching essential developments such as Fourier conduction, fins, boundary layer theory, duct flow, scale analysis, and the structure of turbulence. In this new volume, Bejan explores topics and research developments that have emerged during the past decade, including the designing of convective flow and heat and mass transfer, the crucial relationship between configuration and performance, and new populations of configurations such as tapered ducts, plates with multi-scale features, and dendritic fins. Heat Transfer: Evolution, Design and Performance:

• Covers thermodynamics principles and establishes performance and evolution as fundamental concepts in thermal sciences
• Demonstrates how principles of physics predict a future with economies of scale, multi-scale design, vascularization, and hierarchical distribution of many small features
• Explores new work on conduction architecture, convection with nanofluids, boiling and condensation on designed surfaces, and resonance of natural circulation in enclosures
• Includes numerous examples, problems with solutions, and access to a companion website

Heat Transfer: Evolution, Design and Performance is essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students in mechanical and chemical engineering, and for all engineers, physicists, biologists, and earth scientists.

Adrian Bejan is J. A. Jones Distinguished Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science at Duke University, USA. His main areas of research are thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and design evolution in nature. He is the author of 30 books and 700 peer-refereed journal articles and is an Honorary Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). 

List of Symbols xvii

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Fundamental Concepts

1.1.1 Heat Transfer

1.1.2 Temperature

1.1.3 Specific Heats

1.2 The Objective of Heat Transfer

1.3 Conduction

1.3.1 The Fourier Law

1.3.2 Thermal Conductivity

1.3.3 Cartesian Coordinates

1.3.4. Cylindrical Coordinates

1.3.5 Spherical Coordinates

1.3.6 Initial and Boundary Conditions

1.4 Convection

1.5 Radiation

1.6 Performance

 1.6.1 Irreversible heating

 1.6.2 Reversible heating

References

Problems

2 UNIDIRECTIONAL STEADY CONDUCTION

2.1 Thin Walls

2.1.1 Thermal Resistance

2.1.2 Composite Walls

2.1.3 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

2.2 Cylindrical Shells

2.3 Spherical Shells

2.4 Critical Insulation Radius

2.5 Variable Thermal Conductivity

2.6Internal Heat Generation

2.7 Performance: Extended Surfaces (Fins)

2.7.1 The Enhancement of Heat Transfer

2.7.2 Constant Cross-Sectional Area

2.7.3 Variable Cross-Sectional Area

2.7.4 Scale Analysis:  When the Unidirectional Conduction Model is Valid

2.7.5 Fin Shape Subject to Volume Constraint

2.7.6 Heat Tube Shape 

References

Problems

3 MULTIDIRECTIONAL STEADY CONDUCTION

3.1  Analytical Solutions

3.1.1 Two-Dimensional Conduction in Cartesian Coordinates

3.1.2 Heat Flux Boundary Conditions

3.1.3 Superposition of Solutions

3.1.4 Cylindrical Coordinates

3.1.5 Three-Dimensional Conduction

3.2 Integral Method

3.3 The Method of Scale Analysis

3.4 Performance

3.4.1 Shape Factors

3.4.2 Trees: Volume-Point Flow

References

Problems

4 TIME-DEPENDENT CONDUCTION

4.1 Immersion Cooling or Heating

4.2 Lumped Capacitance Model (the “Late” Regime)

4.3 Semi-infinite Solid Model (the “Early” Regime)

4.3.1 Constant Surface Temperature

4.3.2 Constant Heat Flux Surface

4.3.3 Surface in Contact with Fluid Flow

4.4 Unidirectional Conduction

4.4.1 Plate

4.4.2 Cylinder

4.4.3 Sphere

4.4.4 Plate, Cylinder, and Sphere with Fixed Surface Temperature

4.5 Multidirectional Conduction

4.6 Concentrated Sources and Sinks

4.6.1 Instantaneous (One-Shot) Sources and Sinks

4.6.2 Persistent (Continuous) Sources and Sinks

4.6.3 Moving Heat Sources

4.7 Melting and Solidification

4.8 Performance

4.8.1 Spacings between Buried Heat Sources

4.8.2 The S-curve Growth of Spreading and Collecting

References

Problems

5 EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

5.1 Classification of Convection Configurations

5.2 Basic Principles of Convection

5.2.1 Mass Conservation Equation

5.2.2 Momentum Equations

5.2.3 Energy Equation

5.3 Laminar Boundary Layer

5.3.1 Velocity Boundary Layer

5.3.2 Thermal Boundary Layer (Isothermal Wall)

5.3.3 Nonisothermal Wall

5.3.4 Film Temperature

5.4 Turbulent Boundary Layer

5.4.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow

5.4.2 Time-Averaged Equations

5.4.3 Eddy Diffusivities

5.4.4 Wall Friction

5.4.5 Heat Transfer

5.5 Other External Flows

5.5.1 Single Cylinder

5.5.2 Sphere

5.5.3 Other Body Shapes

5.5.4 Arrays of Cylinders

5.5.5 Turbulent Jets

5.6 Performance

5.6.1 Size of Object with Heat Transfer

5.6.2 Evolution of Size

5.6.3 Visualization: Heatlines

References

Problems

6 INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

6.1 Laminar Flow Through a Duct

6.1.1 Entrance Region

6.1.2 Fully Developed Flow Region

6.1.3 Friction Factor and Pressure Drop

6.2 Heat Transfer in Laminar Flow

6.2.1 Thermal Entrance Region

6.2.2 Thermally Fully Developed Region

6.2.3 Uniform Wall Heat Flux

6.2.4 Isothermal Wall

6.3 Turbulent Flow

6.3.1 Transition, Entrance Region, and Fully Developed Flow

6.3.2 Friction Factor and Pressure Drop

6.3.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient

6.4 Total Heat Transfer Rate

6.5 Performance

6.5.1 Size of Duct with Fluid Flow

6.5.2 Tree-shaped Ducts

6.5.3 Spacings

6.5.4 Packaging for Maximum Heat Transfer Density

References

Problems

7 NATURAL CONVECTION

7.1 What Drives Natural Convection?

7.2 Boundary Layer Flow on Vertical Wall

7.2.1 Boundary Layer Equations

7.2.2 Scale Analysis of the Laminar Regime

7.2.3 Isothermal Wall

7.2.4 Transition and the Effect of Turbulence

7.2.5 Uniform Heat Flux

7.3 Other External Flows

7.3.1 Thermally Stratified Reservoir

7.3.2 Inclined Walls

7.3.3 Horizontal Walls

7.3.4 Horizontal Cylinder

7.3.5 Sphere

7.3.6 Vertical Cylinder

7.3.7 Other Immersed Bodies

7.4 Internal Flows

7.4.1 Vertical Channels

7.4.2 Enclosures Heated from the Side

7.4.3 Enclosures Heated from Below

7.4.4 Inclined Enclosures

7.4.5 Annular Space Between Horizontal Cylinders

7.4.6 Annular Space Between Concentric Spheres

7.5 Performance

7.5.1 Spacings

7.5.2 Miniaturization  

References

Problems

8CONVECTION WITH CHANGE OF PHASE

8.1 Condensation

8.1.1 Laminar Film on Vertical Surface

8.1.2 Turbulent Film on Vertical Surface

8.1.3 Film Condensation in Other Configurations

8.1.4 Dropwise and Direct-Contact Condensation

8.2 Boiling

8.2.1 Pool Boiling

8.2.2 Nucleate Boiling and Peak Heat Flux

8.2.3 Film Boiling and Minimum Heat Flux

8.2.4 Flow Boiling

8.3 Performance

8.3.1 Latent Heat Storage

8.3.2 Shaping Inserts for Faster Melting

8.3.3 Rhythmic Surface Renewal

References

Problems

9 HEAT EXCHANGERS

9.1 Classification of Heat Exchangers

9.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

9.3 Log-Mean Temperature Difference Method

9.3.1 Parallel Flow

9.3.2 Counterflow

9.3.3 Other Flow Arrangements

9.4 Effectiveness – NTU Method

9.4.1 Effectiveness and Limitations Posed by the Second Law

9.4.2 Parallel Flow

9.4.3 Counterflow

9.4.4 Other Flow Arrangements

9.5 Pressure Drop

9.5.1 Pumping Power

9.5.2 Abrupt Contraction and Enlargement

9.5.3 Acceleration and Deceleration

9.5.4 Tube Bundles in Cross-Flow

9.5.5 Compact Heat Exchanger Surfaces

9.6 Performance

9.6.1 Entrance Length Heat Exchangers

9.6.2 Dendritic Heat Exchangers

9.6.3 Heat Exchanger Size

9.6.4 Heat Tubes with Convection

References

Problems

10 RADIATION

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Blackbody Radiation

10.2.1 Definitions

10.2.2 Temperature and Energy

10.2.3 Intensity

10.2.4 Emissive Power

10.3 Heat Transfer Between Black Surfaces

10.3.1 Geometric View Factor

10.3.2 Relations Between View Factors

10.3.3 Two-Surface Enclosures

10.4 Diffuse-Gray Surfaces

10.4.1 Emissivity

10.4.2 Absorptivity and Reflectivity

10.4.3 Kirchhoff’s Law

10.4.4 Two-Surface Enclosures

10.4.5 Enclosures with More Than Two Surfaces

10.5 Participating Media

10.5.1 Volumetric Absorption

10.5.2 Gas Emissivities and Absorptivities

10.5.3 Gas Surrounded by Black Surface

10.5.4 Gray Medium Surrounded by Diffuse-Gray Surfaces

10.6 Performance

10.6.1 Terrestrial Solar Power

10.6.2 Extraterrestrial Solar Power

10.6.3 Climate

References

Problems

Appendixes

A  Constants and Conversion Factors

 B Properties of Solids

 C Properties of Liquids

 D Properties of Gases

 E Mathematical Formulas

 F Local Reynolds Number Transition Criterion

G   Extremum Subject to Constraint

Author Index

Subject Index

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