Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Methods for Architects
, by Lechner
- ISBN: 9781119585749 | 1119585740
- Cover: Cloth
- Copyright: 9/10/2020
The essential guide to environmental control systems in building design
For over 25 years Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Strategies Towards Net Zero Architecture has provided architects and design professionals the knowledge and tools required to design a sustainable built environment at the schematic design stage. This Fifth Edition offers cutting-edge research in the field of sustainable architecture and design and has been completely restructured based on net zero design strategies. Reflecting the latest developments in codes, standards, and rating systems for energy efficiency, Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Strategies Towards Net Zero Architecture includes three new chapters:
- Retrofits: Best practices for efficient energy optimization in existing buildings
- Integrated Design: Strategies for synergizing passive and active design
- Design Tools: How to utilize the best tools to benchmark a building's sustainability and net zero potential
Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Sustainable Design Strategies Towards Net Zero Architecture is a go-to resource for practicing professionals and students in the fields of environmental systems technology or design, environmental design systems, construction technology, and sustainability technology.
NORBERT LECHNER, LEED AP (Chapel Hill, NC) Architect and Professor Emeritus of Architecture in the Building Science Department at Auburn University, is an expert in energy responsive architectural design with an emphasis on solar responsive design, including daylighting. He is a consultant for designing sustainable, low energy, and solar responsive buildings, and is the inventor of new types of heliodons that are invaluable for teaching and designing solar responsive buildings.
PATRICIA ANDRASIK, NCARB, AIA, IIDA, LEED BD+C, LEED O+M (Washington, D.C.) Associate Dean for Undergraduate Studies and Assistant Professor in the School of Architecture and Planning at The Catholic University of America, is a licensed architect in Washington, D.C. and is internationally recognized for her research in informing design through performance metrics and using performance metrics to inform O&M.
Foreword to the Fifth Edition
Foreword to the First Edition
Part 1: Fundamentals
Chapter 1: Background: Architecture in a Warming World
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Indigenous and Vernacular Architecture
1.3 Formal Architecture
1.4 Architecture and Energy
1.5 The Architectural Approach to Low-Energy Design
1.6 Climate And Architecture
1.7 Dynamic Versus Static Buildings
1.8 Form, Color and Ornamentation
1.9 Biophilic Design
1.10 Resilient Design
1.11 Sustainability Codes and Voluntary Programs
1.12 The Moral Imperative
1.13 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Resources
Chapter 2: Climate Change: The Key Sustainability Issue
2.1 Easter Island: Learning from the Past
2.2 Sustainable Design and Climate Change
2.3 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Regenerate by Design
2.4 The Sustainability Movement
2.5 The Basic Causes of Environmental Problems
2.6 Growth
2.7 Exponential Growth
2.8 The Amoeba Analogy
2.9 Supply Versus Efficiency
2.10 Sustainable-Design Issues
2.11 Embodied Energy
2.12 Climate Change
2.13 The Ozone Hole
2.14 Efficiency Versus Renewable Energy
2.15 Energy Sources
2.16 Energy Use in Ancient Greece
2.17 Nonrenewable Fossil Energy Sources
2.18 Nuclear Energy
2.19 Renewable Energy Sources
2.20 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Resources
Chapter 3: Basic Principles: The Physics of Heat Flow for Heating and Cooling Buildings
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Heat
3.3 Sensible Heat
3.4 Latent Heat
3.5 Evaporative Cooling
3.6 Convection
3.7 Transport
3.8 Energy-Transfer Mediums
3.9 Radiation
3.10 Greenhouse Effect
3.11 Equilibrium Temperature of a Surface
3.12 Mean Radiant Temperature
3.13 Heat Flow
3.14 Heat Sink
3.15 Heat Capacity
3.16 Thermal Resistance
3.17 Heat-Flow Coefficient
3.18 Time Lag
3.19 Insulating Effect of Mass
3.20 Energy Conversion
3.21 Combined Heat and Power
3.22 Off-Site Versus On-Site Renewable Energy
3.23 The Game Changers: Heat Pumps and Batteries
3.24 Net-Zero Buildings
3.25 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Chapter 4: Climate: Its Significant Impact on Buildings
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Climate
4.3 Microclimate
4.4 Climatic Anomalies
4.5 Climate Regions in a Time of Climate Change
4.6 Explanations of the Climatic Data Tables
4.7 Relative Heating and Cooling Loads
4.8 Climatic Data Tables
4.9 Design Strategies
Executive Summary
Resources
Chapter 5: Psychometrics: Thermal Comfort
5.1 Biological Machine
5.2 Thermal Barriers
5.3 Metabolic Rate
5.4 Thermal Conditions of the Environment
5.5 The Psychrometric Chart
5.6 Dew Point and Wet-Bulb Temperatures
5.7 Heat Content of Air
5.8 Thermal Comfort
5.9 Shifting of the Comfort Zone
5.10 Adaptive Comfort
5.11 Clothing and Comfort
5.12 Strategies
5.13 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Resources
Chapter 6: Solar Geometry: The Most Powerful Element of Design
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Sun
6.3 Elliptical Orbit
6.4 Tilt of the Earth’s Axis
6.5 Consequences of the Altitude Angle
6.6 Winter
6.7 The Sun Revolves Around the Earth!
6.8 The Sky Dome
6.9 Determining Altitude and Azimuth Angles
6.10 Solar Time
6.11 Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams
6.12 Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams
6.13 Drawing Sunbeams
6.14 Sun-Path Models
6.15 Solar Heat Gain
6.16 Solar Site-Evaluation Tools
6.17 Heliodons
6.18 Sundials for Model Testing
6.19 Conceptually Clear Heliodons
6.20 Solar Responsive Design Strategies
6.20 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Resources
Part 2: Passive Design Strategies
Chapter 7: Passive Heating Systems: The Solar Potential of Natural Heating
7.1 History
7.2 Solar in America
7.3 Solar Hemicycle
7.4 Latest Rediscovery of Passive Solar
7.5 Passive Solar
7.6 Direct-Gain Systems
7.7 Design Guidelines for Direct-Gain Systems
7.8 Example
7.9 Trombe Wall Systems
7.10 Design Guidelines for Trombe Wall Systems
7.11 Example
7.12 Sunspaces
7.13 Balcomb House
7.14 Sunspace Design Guidelines
7.15 Comparison of the Three Main Passive Heating Systems
7.16 General Considerations for Passive Solar Systems
7.17 Heat-Storage Materials
7.18 Other Passive Heating Systems
7.19 Maximizing Passive Solar
7.20 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Resources
Chapter 8: Solar Rejection: Shading and Light Colors
8.1 Introduction to Solar Rejection
8.2 History of Shading And Light Colors
8.3 Shading Myths
8.4 Shading Basics
8.5 Fixed Exterior Shading Devices
8.6 Dynamic (Movable) Shading Devices
8.7 Shading Periods of the Year
8.8 Overhangs
8.9 Design of Horizontal Overhangs: Basic Graphical Method
8.10 Shading Design Strategies for South Windows
8.11 Shading Design Strategies for East and West Windows
8.12 Design of Fins on North Windows
8.13 Design Guidelines for Eggcrate Shading Devices
8.14 Special Shading Strategies
8.15 Shading Outdoor Spaces
8.16 Using Physical Models for Shading Design
8.17 Glazing as the Shading Element
8.18 Interior Shading Devices
8.19 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
8.20 Roof and Wall Reflectivity
8.21 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Resources
Chapter 9: Passive Cooling: Natural Cooling, Raising the Comfort Zone, and Heat Avoidance
9.1 Introduction to Cooling
9.2 Historical and Indigenous Use of Passive Cooling
9.3 Passive Cooling Systems
9.4 Comfort Ventilation Versus Night-Flush Cooling
9.5 Basic Principles of Airflow
9.6 Airflow Through Buildings
9.7 Example of Ventilation Design
9.8 Comfort Ventilation
9.9 Night-Flush Cooling
9.10 Double-Skin Facades and Operable Roofs
9.11 Radiant Cooling
9.12 Evaporative Cooling
9.13 Cool Towers
9.14 Earth Cooling
9.15 Dehumidification with a Desiccant
9.16 Solar Chimney
9.17 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Resources
Chapter 10: Site Analysis: Orientation, Landscape and Context in Net-Zero Design
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Analysis
10.3 Site Selection
10.4 Solar Access
10.5 Shadow Patterns
10.6 Site Planning
10.7 Solar Zoning
10.8 Physical Models
10.9 Wind and Site Design
10.10 Plants and Vegetation
10.11 Vegetated Roofs
10.12 Lawns
10.13 Landscaping
10.14 Community Design
10.15 Cooling Our Communities
10.16 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Resources
Chapter 11: Light: Color, Vision, and Perception
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Light
11.3 Reflectance/Transmittance
11.4 Color
11.5 Vision
11.6 Perception
11.7 Performance of a Visual Task
11.8 Characteristics of the Visual Task
11.9 Illumination Level
11.10 Brightness Ratios
11.11 Glare
11.12 Equivalent Spherical Illumination
11.13 Activity Needs
11.14 Biological Needs
11.15 Light and Health
11.16 The Poetry of Light
11.17 Rules for Lighting Design
11.18 Career Possibilities
11.19 Conclusion
Exective Summary
References
Chapter 12: Daylighting: Architectural Control for Natural Beauty, Comfort, and Energy Reduction
12.1 History of Daylighting
12.2 Why Daylighting?
12.3 The Nature of Daylight
12.4 Conceptual Model
12.5 Illumination and the Daylight Factor
12.6 Light Without Heat?
12.7 Cool Daylight
12.8 Goals of Daylighting
12.9 Basic Daylighting Strategies
12.10 Basic Window Strategies
12.11 Advanced Window Strategies
12.12 Window Glazing Materials
12.13 Top Lighting
12.14 Skylight Strategies
12.15 Clerestories, Monitors, and Light Scoops
12.16 Special Daylighting Techniques
12.17 Translucent Walls and Roofs
12.18 Electric Lighting as a Supplement to Daylighting
12.19 Physical Modeling
12.20 Guidelines for Daylighting
12.21 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Resources
Chapter 13: The Thermal Envelope: Keeping Warm and Staying Cool
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Heat Loss
13.3 Heat Gain
13.4 Solar Reflectivity (Albedo)
13.5 Compactness, Exposed Area, and Thermal Planning
13.6 Insulation Materials
13.7 The Thermal Envelope
13.8 Heat Bridges
13.9 Windows
13.10 Dynamic Insulation
13.11 Insulating Effect from Thermal Mass
13.12 Earth Sheltering
13.13 Infiltration and Ventilation
13.14 Water: The Enemy of Architecture
13.15 Radon
13.16 Appliances
13.17 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Resources
Chapter 14: Retrofits: Energy Efficiency Upgrades for Existing Buildings
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Goals for the Energy Upgrade
14.3 Envelope Upgrades
14.4 Lighting
14.5 Mechanical Equipment
14.6 Hot Water
14.7 Appliances
14.8 Renewable Energy
14.9 Miscellaneous
14.10 Case Studies
Exective Summary
Chapter 15: Tropical Architecture: Not Your Temperate Architecture
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Traditional Tropical Architecture
15.3 The Tropical Climate
15.4 The Solar Geometry of the Tropics
15.5 Shading in Tropical Climates
15.6 Daylighting in the Tropics
15.7 Passive Cooling
15.8 Air-Conditioned Buildings in the Tropics
15.9 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Part 3: Active Design Strategies
Chapter 16: Electric Lighting: To Complement Daylight and at Night
16.1 Introduction
16.2 History of Light Sources
16.3 Light Sources
16.4 Incandescent and Halogen Lamps
16.5 Discharge Lamps
16.6 Fluorescent Lamps
16.7 High-Intensity Discharge Lamps
16.8 Light-Emitting Diodes (Leds)
16.9 Comparison of the Major Lighting Sources
16.10 Luminaires
16.11 Lenses, Diffusers, and Baffles
16.12 Lighting Systems
16.13 Remote-Source Lighting Systems
16.14 Visualizing Light Distribution
16.15 Architectural Lighting
16.16 Outdoor Lighting
16.17 Emergency Lighting
16.18 Controls
16.19 Maintenance
16.20 Rules for Energy-Efficient Electric Lighting Design
16.21 Laws and Standards
16.22 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Resources
Chapter 17: Photovoltaics and Solar Thermal
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Almost Ideal Energy Source
17.3 History of PV
17.4 The PV Cell
17.5 Types of PV Systems
17.6 Balance of System Equipment
17.7 Site-Integrated Photovoltaics
17.8 Glazing and PV
17.9 Orientation and Tilt
17.10 Design Guidelines
17.11 The Promise of PV
17.12 Sizing a PV System
17.13 The Cost-Effectiveness of PV versus Solar Thermal Applications
17.14 Solar Thermal Basics
17.15 Solar Thermal Swimming-Pool Heating
17.16 Solar Hot-Water Systems
17.17 Passive Solar Thermal Systems
17.18 Solar Hot-Air Collectors
17.19 Preheating of Ventilation Air
17.20 Designing a Solar Thermal System
17.21 The Future of Solar Thermal
17.22 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Resources
Chapter 18: Mechanical Equipment for Heating and Cooling
16.1 Introduction
18.2 Heating
18.3 Thermal Zones
18.4 Heating Systems
18.5 Electric Heating
18.6 Hot-Water (Hydronic) Heating
18.7 Hot-Air Systems
18.8 Cooling
18.9 Refrigeration Cycles
18.10 Heat Pumps
18.11 Geo-Exchange
18.12 Cooling Systems
18.13 Air-Conditioning for Small Buildings
18.14 Air-Conditioning for Large Multistory Buildings
18.15 Design Guidelines for Mechanical Systems
18.16 Air Supply (Ducts and Diffusers)
18.17 Ventilation
18.18 Energy-Efficient Ventilation Systems
18.19 Air Filtration and Odor Removal
18.20 Special Systems
18.21 Integrated and Exposed Mechanical Equipment
18.22 Low-Energy Heating and Cooling
18.23 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Resources
Part 4: Integrated Design
Chapter 19: Synergies: When the Whole is Greater than the Sum of the Parts
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Strategies
19.3 Synergies
19.4 Case Studies
19.5 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Part 5: Tools
Chapter 20: Integrated Design Process
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Definition
20.3 Differences
20.4 Coordination
20.5 Documentation
20.6 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Chapter 21: Codes
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Sustainability Codes
21.3 History
21.4 Current Model Codes
21.5 Reference Standards
21.6 Government Initiatives
21.7 Non-Governmental Initiatives
21.8 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Chapter 22: Checklistfor Designing Net-Zero Buildings
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Site Selection
22.3 Form
22.4 Plan
22.5 Windows
22.6 Daylighting
22.7 Shading
22.8 Color
22.9 Thermal Envelope
22.10 Thermal Mass
22.11 Glazing
22.12 Air Barrier
22.13 Passive Systems
22.14 Electric Lighting
22.15 Mechanical Equipment
22.16 Behavioral Controls
22.17 Renewable Technology
Chapter 23: Assessment
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Global Rating Systems
23.3 Process
23.4 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Chapter 24: Digital
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Building Performance Analytics
24.3 Methodology
24.4 Challenges
24.5 Conclusion
Executive Summary
Appendix A:Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams
Steps for Converting Sun-Path Charts for Use in the Southern Hemisphere
Appendix B:Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams
Steps for Converting Sun-Path Charts for Use in the Southern Hemisphere
Appendix C: Solar Altitude and Azimuth Angles
Appendix D: Methods for Estimating the Height of Trees, Buildings, and the Like
D.1 Proportional-Shadow Method
D.2 Similar-Triangle Method
D.3 45° Right-Triangle Method
D.4 Trigonometric Method
D.5 Tools for Measuring Vertical Angles
Appendix E:Sundials
Appendix F:Sun-Path Models
F.1 Introduction
F.2 Directions for Constructing a Sun-Path Model
Appendix G:The Water Table for Ventilation Studies
G.1 Introduction
G.2 Construction of a Water Table
Appendix H:Site Evaluation Tools
H.1 Introduction
H.2 The Solar Pathfinder
H.3 The Suneye
H.4 The Sun Locator
H.5 Do-It-Yourself Solar Site Evaluator
Appendix I:Heliodons
I.1 Introduction
I.2 The Sun Simulator Heliodon
I.3 The Sun Emulator Heliodon
I.4 The Tabletop Heliodon
I.5 The Bowling Ball Heliodon
Appendix J: Tables of R-Values
Appendix K:Resources
K.1 Journals
K.2 Videos
K.3 Organizations
K.5 Web-Based Resources
Appendix L:Conversion Factors Between the Inch-Pound (I-P) System and the International System of Units (SI)
Appendix M: Sizing a PV Array
M.1 Finding the PV Array Size for a Stand-Alone Building by the Short Calculation Method
M.3 Design Guidelines
Bibliography
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