Heliophysics: Space Storms and Radiation:

Heliophysics is a fast-developing scientific discipline that integrates studies of the Sun's variability, the surrounding heliosphere, and the environment and climate of planets. The Sun is a magnetically variable star and, for planets with intrinsic magnetic fields, planets with atmospheres, or planets like Earth with both, there are profound consequences. This volume, the second in a series of three heliophysics texts, integrates the many aspects of space storms and the energetic radiation associated with them - from causes on the Sun to effects in planetary environments. It reviews the physical processes in solar flares and coronal mass ejections, interplanetary shocks, and particle acceleration and transport, and considers many space weather responses in geospace. In addition to its utility as a textbook, it also constitutes a foundational reference for researchers in fields from heliophysics to climate science. Additional online resources, including lecture presentations and other teaching materials, are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521760515.

Preface	p. ix
Perspective on heliophysics	p. 1
Universal processes: "laws" of space weather	p. 1
Pressure, gravity, and electromagnetism	p. 2
Structure and dynamics of the local cosmos	p. 5
Energetic particles	p. 8
Weather and climate in space	p. 9
Universal processes in the local cosmos and instrumentation	p. 12
Introduction to space storms and radiation	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
Uncovering the Sun-Earth connection	p. 16
Human impacts of space weather	p. 17
Impacts of solar flares	p. 25
The satellite era	p. 28
How bad can it get?	p. 35
Outside the box	p. 38
Space weather awareness	p. 38
Space weather forecasting	p. 40
In-situ detection of energetic particles	p. 43
Introduction	p. 43
What needs to be measured and how it is measured?	p. 46
Geometrical factor of detectors	p. 47
Energy loss of energetic particles by ionization	p. 48
Simple particle detectors	p. 52
Energy analyzers	p. 62
Time-of-flight telescopes	p. 66
Space instruments measuring composition	p. 67
Radiative signatures of energetic particles	p. 79
Overview of the electromagnetic spectrum	p. 79
Preliminaries	p. 87
Radiation from energetic particles	p. 93
New observations, new questions	p. 116
Observations of solar and stellar eruptions, flares, and jets	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Overview of flare properties	p. 125
The basic phenomena of a solar flare	p. 131
Flare energetics	p. 142
Flare analogs	p. 144
Observational aspects of magnetic reconnection	p. 151
Conclusions	p. 157
Models of coronal mass ejections and flares	p. 159
Recapitulation of key observational features	p. 159
Models	p. 169
Some topics for future research	p. 191
Shocks in heliophysics	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Why shocks happen: non-linear steepening and shocks	p. 196
Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions	p. 198
Definition and classification of shocks	p. 200
Physical processes in shocks and future work	p. 206
Particle acceleration in shocks	p. 209
Introduction	p. 209
Types of shocks and plasma parameters	p. 210
Kinetic shock physics	p. 212
Particle acceleration mechanisms at shocks	p. 216
Particle acceleration at the Earth's bow shock and at interplanetary shocks	p. 223
Summary	p. 230
Energetic particle transport	p. 233
Cosmic rays in the solar system	p. 233
The motion of individual charged particles	p. 239
The cosmic-ray transport equation	p. 245
The diffusion tensor	p. 253
Some representative applications	p. 256
Energy conversion in planetary magnetospheres	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Overview of disturbances in Earth's space environment	p. 263
Fundamentals of energy storage, transfer, and loss	p. 267
Energy budget of magnetospheres	p. 273
What leads to explosive energy releases?	p. 283
Applications: Earth	p. 286
Applications: other planets	p. 289
Concluding remarks	p. 291
Energization of trapped particles	p. 293
Heliophysical particles: universal processes and problems	p. 293
Particle motion	p. 296
General characteristics of heliospheric particle radiation	p. 302
Radiation belt acceleration mechanisms	p. 305
Radiation belt particle losses	p. 315
Flares, coronal mass ejections, and atmospheric responses	p. 321
Introduction	p. 321
ITM responses to geomagnetic storms	p. 323
ITM responses to solar flares	p. 346
Conclusions	p. 356
Energetic particles and manned spaceflight	p. 359
Radiation protection: introduction	p. 359
Sources of radiation exposure during spaceflight	p. 363
Spaceflight operations	p. 366
The Constellation Program	p. 368
Environmental characterization	p. 372
Summary	p. 378
Energetic particles and technology	p. 381
Introduction	p. 381
Overview of space environment effects	p. 381
Effects of keV energy particles: spacecraft charging	p. 385
Effects of MeV energy particles: total-dose effects	p. 391
Effects of GeV energy particles: single-event effects	p. 394
Modeling the GCR/SPE environment	p. 398
Authors and editors	p. 401
List of illustrations	p. 403
List of tables	p. 410
References	p. 411
Index	p. 441
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Heliophysics: Space Storms and Radiation: Causes and Effects

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