Hezbollah and Hamas

Hezbollah and Hamas are major players in Middle Eastern politics and have a growing involvement in global events. Despite their strikingly different beginnings, they share a common denominator-an adversary in Israel. Hezbollah and Hamas draws from primary interviews and documents coupled with a thorough review of current scholarship. This is a portrait of the organizations' roots, histories, ideologies, relationships, tactics, political outlooks, and futures. Joshua L. Gleis and Benedetta Berti present organization charts, maps, and a case study of the TriBorder Area in South America, which frequently serves as an operational center for terrorist groups. Recognizing that these two groups are increasingly relevant to U.S. national security, Gleis and Berti provide a comparative analysis of their histories and political missions that moves beyond reductionist portrayals of the organizations' military operations.

Joshua L. Gleis is an independent scholar and international security consultant. Benedetta Berti is a lecturer in Middle Eastern studies at Tel Aviv University and an associate fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies.

Acknowledgments	p. ix
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms	p. xi
Introduction	p. 1
Hezbollah
The Lebanese Players: A Background	p. 7
The Shiites and Amal	p. 8
The Maronites	p. 14
Maronite Christian Parties Today	p. 18
The Palestinians	p. 21
The Sunnis	p. 23
Lebanese Salafi-Jihadist Groups	p. 27
The Lebanese Political System	p. 30
Hezbollah: History and Development	p. 35
The Beginning	p. 36
Hezbollah in Post-Taif Lebanon	p. 42
Ideals and Belief System	p. 51
The Religious Pillars	p. 52
A View of the World: External Enemies and Allies	p. 53
Hezbollah in Lebanon: A Political and Military Platform	p. 57
Structure	p. 61
Political and Military Structure	p. 61
Social Welfare	p. 66
Fundraising	p. 69
Latin America and the Tri-Border Area as a Case Study	p. 71
Strategies and Tactics	p. 76
Military Operations	p. 76
Terrorism	p. 84
Regional Involvement: A Growing Trend	p. 86
Propaganda and Psychological Warfare	p. 89
Hamas and Militancy in the Palestinian Territories
The Palestinian Players: A Background	p. 95
The PLO and Fatah	p. 103
Palestinian Islamic Jihad	p. 109
Salafi-Jihadist Groups in Gaza	p. 112
Hamas: History and Development	p. 118
The Beginning	p. 118
Political and Social Development	p. 123
Ideals and Belief System	p. 134
Islamist Roots and Religious Pillars	p. 134
A View of the World and of the State of Israel	p. 138
Hamas in the Palestinian Territories: Political Agenda and Activities	p. 141
Structure	p. 144
Political and Military Structure	p. 144
Social Activism and Grass-Roots Support	p. 148
Fundraising	p. 152
Strategies and Tactics	p. 158
Military Operations	p. 158
Terrorism	p. 162
Propaganda and Psychological Warfare	p. 165
Countering Hezbollah and Hamas
Israeli Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism	p. 173
Conclusions	p. 185
Notes	p. 195
Glossary	p. 233
For Further Reading	p. 239
Index	p. 243
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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