The Hidden Frontier

A study of two small villages located on the high alpine rim of northern Italy, one German speaking, the other a Romance -speaking village.

John W. Cole is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Massachusetts.

Preface

xi

Acknowledgements

xiii

Introduction

xv

The Inquiry

1

(24)

Two Villages

8

(3)

Fieldwork

11

(6)

The Politics of Place Names

17

(1)

Questions and Answers

18

(7)

The Forging of Tyrolese Identity

25

(25)

The Alpine Landscape

26

(2)

Prehistory

28

(2)

New Settlers

30

(5)

Political Consolidation

35

(2)

Trade and Mining

37

(2)

The Peasant Revolt

39

(3)

The Counter-Reformation

42

(3)

Economic and Political Decline

45

(5)

Torments of Nationalism

50

(14)

Italian Unification

50

(1)

German Unification

51

(2)

Nationalist Rivalry

53

(3)

World War I

56

(1)

Fascism

57

(2)

The Plebiscite

59

(5)

The Economic Development of the Rural Sector

64

(32)

Early Middle Ages: Sixth-Eleventh Centuries

67

(3)

Late Middle Ages: Twelfth-Sixteenth Centuries

70

(7)

The Early Modern Period: Sixteenth-Seventeenth Centuries

77

(2)

Tyrol and Trentino Contrasted

79

(2)

The Economic Margin of the State

81

(2)

Changing Economic Relations

83

(5)

The Fascist Interlude

88

(4)

The Postwar Boom

92

(4)

History of an Upland Valley

96

(23)

The Roman Frontier

96

(1)

Bishop and Count

97

(2)

Communes

99

(1)

German Settlement

100

(8)

Peasant Revolts

108

(1)

The Impact of the Counter-Reformation

109

(3)

The French Invasion

112

(1)

Population: St. Felix and Tret

113

(2)

The Impact of Nationalism

115

(4)

Mountain Husbandry

119

(34)

The Ecology of Mountain Agriculture

121

(6)

The Annual Cycle

127

(9)

The Organization of Village Resources

136

(9)

The Limits of Expansion

145

(6)

The Facts of Life

151

(2)

The Mountain Estate

153

(22)

Rights in Estates

154

(6)

Economic Pursuits

160

(8)

The Organization of Labor

168

(7)

Inheritance

175

(31)

The Ideology of Inheritance

176

(4)

The Realities of Life

180

(1)

Ecological Constraints

181

(1)

The Age Factor in Inheritance

182

(5)

The Inheritance Process in Tret

187

(8)

The Inheritance Process in St. Felix

195

(3)

Inheritance and Women

198

(2)

Secondary Heirs

200

(2)

Summary

202

(4)

The New Economic Order

206

(27)

Changing Circumstances

207

(5)

The Response in Tret

212

(6)

The Response in St. Felix

218

(3)

Tret and St. Felix Compared

221

(1)

The Material Basis of the Good Life

222

(4)

Prosperity and Misfortune

226

(7)

Kith and Kin

233

(30)

Domestic Groups

234

(7)

Authority

241

(5)

Marriage

246

(13)

Associations

259

(4)

Cultural Confrontation

263

(26)

Appendix 1 Population Statistics

289

(3)

Appendix 2 Interview Sheet

292

(1)

Appendix 3 Representative Holdings in Tret and St. Felix

293

(26)

Case 1: The ``Mill Estate'' In Tret

294

(3)

Case 2: Three Brothers' Estates in Tret

297

(4)

Case 3: The Forest Warden in Tret

301

(2)

Case 4: The ``Big Estate'' in St. Felix

303

(2)

Case 5: The Estate in the Woods

305

(2)

Case 6: Four Estates in St. Felix

307

(8)

Appendix 4 Interethnic Marriages

St. Felix: 560 Marriages on Record

315

(1)

Tret: 366 Marriages on Record

316

(3)

Bibliography

319

(18)

Index

337

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Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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The Hidden Frontier

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Digital License