High-Speed Networking A Systematic Approach

Leading authorities deliver the commandments for designing high-speed networks There are no end of books touting the virtues of one or another high-speed networking technology, but until now, there were none offering networking professionals a framework for choosing and integrating the best ones for their organization's networking needs. Written by two world-renowned experts in the field of high-speed network design, this book outlines a total strategy for designing high-bandwidth, low-latency systems. Using real-world implementation examples to illustrate their points, the authors cover all aspects of network design, including network components, network architectures, topologies, protocols, application interactions, and more.

JAMES P. G. STERBENZ is Senior Network Scientist and Manager at BBN Technologies. Involved in high-speed technology research and development for many years, he has held leadership positions as chair of IEEE Communications Society Technical Committee on Gigabit Networking and the IFI Protocols for High-Speed Networks international steering committee. <BR>

Networking Council Foreword

xv

Acknowledgments

xvii

Introduction

1

(12)

Bandwidth and Latency

2

(1)

Individual Delay

2

(1)

Aggregate Bandwidth

3

(1)

What is High Speed?

3

(3)

High-Speed Technologies

4

(1)

Barriers and Constraints

4

(2)

Organization of This Book

6

(6)

Introduction

6

(1)

Fundamentals and Design Principles

7

(2)

Network Architecture and Topology

9

(1)

Network Control and Signaling

10

(1)

Network Components

10

(1)

End Systems

10

(1)

End-to-End Protocols

11

(1)

Network Applications

11

(1)

Future Directions and Conclusion

12

(1)

Who Should Read This Book

12

(1)

Fundamentals and Design Principles

13

(66)

A Brief History of Networking

14

(6)

First Generation: Emergence

16

(1)

Second Generation: The Internet

16

(1)

Third Generation: Convergence and the Web

17

(2)

Fourth Generation: Scale, Ubiquity, and Mobility

19

(1)

Drivers and Constraints

20

(11)

Applications

20

(3)

The Ideal Network

23

(4)

Limiting Constraints

27

(4)

Design Principles and Tradeoffs

31

(32)

Critical Path

34

(3)

Resource Tradeoffs

37

(2)

End-to-End versus Hop-by-Hop

39

(2)

Protocol Layering

41

(8)

State and Hierarchy

49

(5)

Control Mechanisms

54

(6)

Distribution of Application Data

60

(1)

Protocol Data Units

61

(2)

Design Techniques

63

(9)

Scaling Time and Space

63

(1)

Cheating and Masking the Speed of Light

64

(1)

Specialized Hardware Implementation

65

(1)

Parallelism and Pipelining

65

(3)

Data Structure Optimization

68

(2)

Latency Reduction

70

(2)

Summary

72

(7)

Further Reading

72

(1)

Key Axioms

73

(2)

Key Design Principles

75

(4)

Network Architecture and Topology

79

(40)

Topology and Geography

80

(15)

Scalability

81

(1)

Latency

82

(6)

Bandwidth

88

(2)

Virtual Overlays and Lightpaths

90

(4)

Practical Constraints

94

(1)

Scale

95

(15)

Network Engineering

95

(2)

Hierarchy

97

(4)

Bandwidth Aggregation and Isolation

101

(1)

Latency Optimization

102

(1)

Wireless Network Density

103

(4)

Practical Constraints

107

(3)

Resource Tradeoffs

110

(6)

Bandwidth, Processing, and Memory

111

(1)

Latency as a Constraint

112

(2)

Relative Scaling with High Speed

114

(1)

Active Networking

115

(1)

Summary

116

(3)

Further Reading

116

(1)

Key Network Topology Principles

117

(2)

Network Control and Signaling

119

(46)

Signaling and Control

121

(27)

Circuit and Message Switching

122

(4)

Packet Switching

126

(2)

Fast Packet Switching

128

(6)

Intermediate Control Mechanisms

134

(5)

Fast Circuit and Burst Switching

139

(4)

Multicast Flows

143

(2)

Session Control

145

(3)

Traffic Management

148

(9)

Resource Reservation

151

(1)

Network-Based Congestion Control

152

(5)

Path Routing Dynamics

157

(4)

Multipoint Groups

158

(1)

Node Mobility

159

(2)

Monitoring and Management

161

(2)

Summary

163

(2)

Further Reading

163

(1)

Axioms and Principles

163

(2)

Network Components

165

(120)

Links

167

(28)

Physical Transmission Media

167

(9)

Link Technologies

176

(12)

Link-Layer Components

188

(4)

Support for Higher Layers

192

(3)

Switches and Routers

195

(7)

Switching

196

(3)

Traditional Store-and-Forward Routers

199

(2)

Ideal Switch Architecture

201

(1)

Fast Packet Switches

202

(24)

Switch Architecture

202

(1)

Input and Label Processing

203

(3)

Packet Size and Variability

206

(7)

Packet Structure

213

(2)

Traffic Management

215

(8)

Functional Partitioning

223

(3)

Switch Fabric Architecture

226

(23)

Buffering

227

(6)

Single-Stage Shared Elements

233

(3)

Single-Stage Space Division Elements

236

(5)

Multistage Switches

241

(5)

Multicast Support

246

(3)

Fast Datagram Switches

249

(25)

Overall Architecture and Performance

251

(3)

Fast Forwarding Lookup

254

(14)

Packet Classification and Filtering

268

(3)

Output Processing and Packet Scheduling

271

(3)

Higher-Layer and Active Processing

274

(5)

Alternative Strategies

275

(1)

Active Network Nodes

275

(4)

Summary

279

(6)

Further Reading

280

(1)

Network Component Axioms and Principles

281

(4)

End Systems

285

(58)

End System Components

287

(9)

End System Hardware

287

(1)

End System Software

288

(1)

End System Bottlenecks

289

(2)

Traditional End System Implementation

291

(3)

Ideal End System Architecture

294

(2)

Protocol and OS Software

296

(17)

Protocol Software

297

(4)

Operating Systems

301

(8)

Protocol Software Optimizations

309

(4)

End System Organization

313

(13)

Host Interconnects

314

(4)

Host-Network Interconnection Alternatives

318

(3)

Host-Network Interface Issues

321

(5)

Host-Network Interface

326

(14)

Offloading of Communication Processing

327

(3)

Network Interface Design

330

(10)

Summary

340

(3)

Further Reading

340

(1)

End System Axioms and Principles

341

(2)

End-to-End Protocols

343

(88)

Functions and Mechanisms

344

(16)

End-to-End Semantics

345

(7)

End-to-End Mechanisms

352

(1)

Transport Protocols

353

(4)

Control of State

357

(3)

State Management

360

(18)

Impact of High Speed

360

(4)

Transfer Modes

364

(9)

State Establishment and Maintenance

373

(4)

Assumed Initial Conditions

377

(1)

Framing and Multiplexing

378

(8)

Framing and Fragmentation

378

(4)

Application Layer Framing

382

(2)

Multiplexing

384

(2)

Error Control

386

(14)

Types and Causes of Errors

386

(4)

Impact of High Speed

390

(1)

Closed-Loop Retransmission

391

(7)

Open-Loop Error Control

398

(2)

Flow and Congestion Control

400

(22)

Impact of High Speed

402

(1)

Open-Loop Rate Control

402

(6)

Closed-Loop Flow Control

408

(1)

Closed-Loop Congestion Control

409

(8)

Hybrid Flow and Congestion Control

417

(5)

Security and Information Assurance

422

(5)

End-to-End Security

423

(2)

High-Speed Security

425

(2)

Summary

427

(4)

Further Reading

427

(1)

End-to-End Axioms and Principles

428

(3)

Networked Applications

431

(58)

Application Characteristics

433

(14)

Bandwidth

434

(4)

Latency

438

(6)

Error Tolerance

444

(1)

Application Flow Characteristics

445

(2)

Application Categories

447

(7)

Information Access

447

(5)

Telepresence

452

(1)

Distributed Computing

453

(1)

Composed Applications

453

(1)

Nonhigh-Speed Applications

454

(1)

Application Adaptation

454

(24)

Latency Reduction

456

(11)

Bandwidth Improvement

467

(7)

Scaling and Aggregation

474

(2)

Application Layer Framing

476

(1)

Mobile and Wireless Applications

476

(2)

Application-Network Interaction

478

(7)

Network Control (Knobs)

479

(1)

Network Feedback (Dials)

480

(2)

Transparency and Dependence

482

(2)

Legacy Issues

484

(1)

Summary

485

(4)

Further Reading

485

(1)

Application Axioms and Principles

486

(3)

Future Directions and Conclusion

489

(12)

Looking toward the Future

489

(10)

Changing Resource Tradeoffs

491

(3)

Technology and Applications

494

(5)

Conclusion

499

(2)

References

501

(54)

Appendix A Axioms and Principles

555

(20)

Appendix B Acronyms

575

(6)

Index

581

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High-Speed Networking A Systematic Approach to High-Bandwidth Low-Latency Communication

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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High-Speed Networking A Systematic Approach to High-Bandwidth Low-Latency Communication

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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