The Hindu Equilibrium India c. 1500 B.C.-2000

India is an emerging giant. This book explains its long economic stagnation and recent rise by examining its social, political and historical evolution in long term perspective. It explains how its distinct social system based on caste arose and why it still is of importance in its politicaland social arrangements, despite India's recent move from the plan to market.

Deepak Lal is James S. Coleman Professor of International Development Studies at the University of California at Los Angeles and Professor Emeritus of Political Economy at the University College London. He has been Professor of Political Economy at the University of London and has served as a consultant to the ILO, UNCTAD, OECD, UNIDO, the World Bank, and the ministries of planning in Korea and Sri Lanka. Professor Lal is the author of numerous articles and books on economic development and public policy.

List of Maps

xxix

List of Figures

xxxi

List of Tables

xxxvii

General Maps

xxxvii

Introduction

1

(12)

I The Pre-colonial Millennia, 1500 BC-AD 1757

13

(106)

1. Pre-Aryan India

15

(5)

1. The Geographical Environment

15

(1)

2. The Emergence of Pastoralism and Agriculture

16

(2)

3. The Indus Valley Civilization

18

(2)

2. Hindu India

20

(16)

1. From Tribe to Caste

20

(5)

2. Caste Versus Sect

25

(1)

3. Caste Triumphant

26

(1)

4. Administration, Land Tenure, and the Village Communities

27

(3)

5. Cultural Stability Amidst Political Instability

30

(6)

3. An Economic Rationale for the Hindu Social System

36

(58)

Introduction

36

(45)

1. Some Empirical Hypotheses

36

(6)

2. The Boserup Theory and the Aryan Economic Problem

42

(1)

3. Labour Supply, Slavery, and Caste

43

(4)

4. A Simple Economic Model of a Caste Economy

47

(5)

5. Labour Segmentation, Localization, and Village Autarky

52

(4)

6. The Jajmani System and Implicit Contracts

56

(2)

7. Sacred Cows

58

(15)

8. The 'Hindu' Revenue State

73

(2)

9. South India

75

(6)

10. Indian Feudalism?

81

(1)

11. Conclusions

82

(12)

4. Muslim India

94

(25)

Introduction

94

(1)

1. Polity

95

(3)

2. Society

98

(1)

3. Economy

99

(12)

Conclusions

111

(8)

II The Colonial Centuries, AD 1757-1947

119

(138)

5. Polity and Society in British India

121

(22)

Introduction

121

(2)

1. Restoration of Law and Order

123

(1)

2. Revenue Administration and Land Tenure

124

(5)

3. The Rule of Law

129

(1)

4. Social Reforms

130

(1)

5. Education

131

(2)

6. The Emergence of the Nationalist Movement

133

(10)

6. The Economy under the Raj, I: Overall Trends

143

(9)

Introduction

143

(1)

1. Population

144

(3)

2. Per Capita Income

147

(2)

3. Sectoral Output Growth

149

(1)

4. Urbanization, Literacy, and Infant Mortality

149

(3)

7. The Economy under the Raj, II: Rural Development

152

(47)

Introduction

152

(2)

1. The Boserup Process

154

(5)

2. The Role of Leading Inputs: Overall Trends

159

(6)

3. Irrigation

165

(11)

4. Commercialization of Agriculture

176

(23)

8. The Economy under the Raj, III: Trade and Industry

199

(34)

Introduction

199

(1)

1. The Growth of Tropical Exports

200

(4)

2. The Drain

204

(2)

3. Industrial Development

206

(18)

4. Fiscal and Monetary Policy

224

(9)

9. The Evolution of Labour Markets

233

(10)

Introduction

233

(1)

1. Rural Labour

233

(2)

2. Industrial Labour

235

(3)

3. Migration

238

(2)

4. Public Employment and Earnings

240

(3)

10. The Effects and Legacy of the Raj

243

(14)

Introduction

243

(1)

1. The Economic Legacy

243

(5)

2. The Impact on Society

248

(3)

3. The Political Legacy

251

(6)

III The Independent Decades, 1947-2000

257

(134)

11. The Economy under Planning and After

259

(52)

Introduction

259

(1)

1. Gandhi and Hind Swaraj

260

(2)

2. The Rise of Planning

262

(6)

3. Overall Trends

268

(6)

4. Agricultural Growth

274

(19)

5. Savings, Capital Inflows, Investment, and the Growth of the Public Sector

293

(6)

6. Industrial Development

299

(12)

12. Contemporary Controversies: Population, Poverty, and Regulation

311

(44)

Introduction

311

(1)

1. Crisis and Reform

312

(4)

2. The 'Population Problem'

316

(15)

3. Poverty and Income Distribution

331

(12)

4. From Planning to Regulation-The New Dirigisme

343

(12)

13. On Policy: From a Revenue to a Market Economy

355

(28)

1. Policies

355

(9)

2. The Political Economy of the Predatory State

364

(19)

14. A Summary

383

(8)

1. The Parameters of the Hindu Equilibrium

383

(3)

2. Rural Development

386

(1)

3. Fostering Efficient Industrialization

387

(1)

4. Ideas and Ideals

388

(3)

Bibliography

391

(28)

Index

419

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The Hindu Equilibrium India c. 1500 B.C.-2000 A.D.

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials