A History of Apologetics

"Cardinal Avery Dulles's A History of Apologetics provides a masterful overview of Christian apologetics, from its beginning in the New Testament through the Middle Ages and on to the present resurgence of apologetics among Catholics and Protestants. Dulles shows how Christian apologists have at times both criticized and drawn from their intellectual surroundings to present the reason-ableness of Christian belief."--BOOK JACKET.

Avery Dulles is presently an advisor to the Committee on Doctrine of the NCCB, and is the Laurence J. McGinley Professor of Religion and Society at Fordham University.

FOREWORD, by Dr. Timothy George

ix

ABBREVIATIONS

xv

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

xix

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

xxv

1 APOLOGETICS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT

1

(26)

Apologetical Motifs in the Early Tradition

1

(10)

The Earliest Preaching

2

(2)

Apologetic Development

4

(7)

The Ascension

4

(1)

The Passion

5

(2)

The Origins of Jesus

7

(1)

The Public Life

7

(3)

The Miracles of Jesus

10

(1)

Changing Contexts: Acts, Paul, and Hebrews

11

(5)

Acts

11

(3)

Paul

14

(1)

Hebrews

15

(1)

The Four Evangelists as Apologists

16

(7)

Mark

16

(2)

Matthew

18

(1)

Luke-Acts

19

(2)

John

21

(2)

Conclusion

23

(4)

2 THE PATRISTIC ERA

27

(64)

Apologists of the Second Century

30

(8)

The Alexandrians of the Third Century

38

(9)

Latin Apologists of the Third Century

47

(8)

Latin Apologists of the Fourth Century

55

(7)

Greek Apologists of the Fourth and Fifth Centuries

62

(11)

Augustine and His Disciples

73

(14)

Conclusion

87

(4)

3 THE MIDDLE AGES

91

(54)

Disputes with Saracens in Muslim Territory: 600-1000

92

(3)

Disputes with Saracens and Jews in Western Europe: 600-1100

95

(3)

Anselm

98

(6)

Twelfth Century

104

(7)

Thirteenth Century: St. Thomas Aquinas

111

(11)

Missionary Apologists: 1250-1320

122

(5)

Scholasticism after St. Thomas Aquinas

127

(6)

Fifteenth-Century Apologists

133

(9)

Conclusion

142

(3)

4 THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY THROUGH THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

145

(64)

The Protestant Reformers

146

(4)

The Counter-Reformation and Baroque Scholasticism

150

(6)

France before 1650

156

(4)

France in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century

160

(13)

Seventeenth-Century Holland

173

(3)

England in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

176

(14)

Germany in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

190

(6)

Catholic Apologetics in France and Italy

196

(7)

Eighteenth-Century Scholasticism

203

(2)

Conclusion

205

(4)

5 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

209

(62)

Protestantism: 1800-1850

210

(16)

Germany

210

(7)

Denmark

217

(5)

Great Britain

222

(4)

Catholicism: 1800-1850

226

(18)

France

226

(11)

Germany

237

(3)

Spain and Italy

240

(4)

English-Speaking Catholics: 1800-1900

244

(10)

England

244

(7)

The United States

251

(3)

Catholicism in Continental Europe: 1850-1900

254

(7)

France and Belgium: Vatican Council I

254

(6)

Germany

260

(1)

Protestantism: 1850-1900

261

(6)

Germany

261

(3)

The English-Speaking Countries

264

(3)

Conclusion

267

(4)

6 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (PART ONE)

271

(54)

Catholic Apologetics

271

(34)

Blondel and the Modernists

271

(8)

Credibility and Apologetics: Scholastic Controversies in France

279

(5)

The Refutation of Rationalism

284

(7)

The Apologetics of Restoration

291

(6)

Teilhard de Chardin

297

(5)

German Apologists

302

(3)

Protestant Apologetics (1900-1950)

305

(18)

Dialectical Theology

305

(8)

Germany

313

(3)

England

316

(5)

North America

321

(2)

Conclusion

323

(2)

7 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (PART TWO)

325

(44)

Catholicism

325

(20)

Vatican II

325

(1)

The Debate about Method

326

(3)

Evidentialist Apologetics

329

(2)

Dynamism of the Subject

331

(5)

Luminosity of the Object

336

(2)

Catholic Apologetics toward the Close of the Century

338

(7)

Protestantism

345

(20)

Ambivalence about Apologetics

345

(3)

Secular Theology

348

(1)

Historical Criticism and Evidence

349

(4)

Renewal in Anglo-American Evangelicalism

353

(6)

The Classical Method

353

(3)

The Evidential Method

356

(1)

The "Cumulative Case" Method

356

(1)

"Presuppositional" Apologetics

357

(1)

"Reformed" Epistomology

358

(1)

Growing Protestant-Catholic Convergences

359

(4)

Christian Faith, Philosophy, and Science

363

(2)

Conclusion

365

(4)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

369

(18)

INDEX

387

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A History of Apologetics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials