History of the Balkans

This volume concentrates on the Balkan wars and World War II, which both had their origins in the desire of nationalist circles to complete the territorial unification of their states. A substantial part of this book deals with the wartime experience, the establishment of the postwar regimes and their internal development to 1980 and the divergent paths followed by the five states (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia) since 1945.

List of maps

viii

Preface

ix

Introduction

1

(12)

PART I. WAR AND NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION, 1887--1941

The Balkan national monarchies

13

(38)

Economic developments

15

(8)

Romania

23

(5)

Serbia

28

(6)

Montenegro

34

(3)

Bulgaria

37

(3)

Greece

40

(5)

The ``Europeanization'' of Balkan life

45

(6)

The Dual Monarchy: Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1914

51

(28)

The national problem in Austria

53

(6)

Bosnia-Hercegovina

59

(4)

The Kingdom of Hungary

63

(14)

Conclusion: Austria-Hungary under the Ausgleich

77

(2)

The end of Ottoman rule in Europe: the Albanian and Macedonian questions

79

(27)

The Ottoman Empire

79

(5)

The Albanian national movement

84

(5)

Macedonia

89

(6)

The Balkan Wars, 1912, 1913

95

(5)

Albanian independence

100

(4)

The Ottoman legacy

104

(2)

World War I

106

(28)

Sarajevo

106

(8)

The war

114

(7)

The peace settlements

121

(5)

The fall of the Ottoman Empire: the Turkish Republic

126

(7)

Conclusion

133

(1)

The first postwar decade

134

(58)

Immediate postwar problems

134

(9)

Problems of national organization and internal development

143

(41)

The Great Depression

184

(1)

Traditional peasant life

185

(6)

Conclusion

191

(1)

Balkan authoritarian regimes: the outbreak of World War II

192

(55)

The rise of Soviet and German influence

192

(7)

The establishment of the Balkan authoritarian regimes

199

(13)

Inter-Balkan relations

212

(1)

The Axis advance: the conquest of Albania

213

(8)

The outbreak of the war: the period of Balkan neutrality

221

(17)

Conclusion

238

(9)

PART II. WORLD WAR II AND THE POSTWAR DEVELOPMENTS

The Balkan states in World War II

247

(54)

The military background

247

(3)

Balkan participation in the war

250

(34)

The inter-Allied negotiations on the Balkans

284

(3)

The establishment of the Communist regimes

287

(11)

Partisan warfare

298

(3)

The immediate postwar readjustments: the Greek civil war and the Yugoslav--Soviet conflict

301

(35)

The Allied coalition breaks

301

(5)

The Greek civil war, 1946--1949

306

(8)

The Yugoslav developments

314

(15)

The repercussions in the Soviet bloc

329

(2)

Albania changes direction

331

(2)

The Cold War

333

(3)

The Communist governments, 1950--1980

336

(70)

Internal developments

336

(16)

Foreign policy

352

(12)

Contrasting Communist regimes: Bulgaria, Romania, Albania

364

(20)

The Yugoslav variant

384

(20)

Conclusion

404

(2)

The Greek alternative

406

(33)

Economic problems: American intervention

406

(2)

Papagos and Karamanlis: Greek governments to 1963

408

(5)

The Cyprus dispute

413

(3)

Social and economic changes

416

(2)

The Papandreou era

418

(8)

The military dictatorship

426

(7)

Karamanlis restored

433

(3)

Andreas Papandreou: the elections of October 1981

436

(1)

Conclusion

437

(2)

Conclusion

439

(8)

Bibliography

447

(14)

Index

461

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History of the Balkans

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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History of the Balkans

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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