History of the Conquest of Peru

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ISBN: 9780486440071 | 0486440079
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/17/2005

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Written by one of America's great historians, this gripping chronicle draws upon the firsthand accounts of eminent 16th-century captains and statesmen to relate the overthrow of the Inca empire by the Spanish adventurers under Pizarro's command. Rich in vivid anecdotes, it recaptures the glories of Inca society before European contact.

Preface

(8)

BOOK I INTRODUCTION---VIEW OF THE CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS

Physical Aspect of the Country---Sources of Peruvian Civilization---Empire of the Incas---Royal Family---Nobility

Extent of the Peruvian Empire---Its Topographical Aspect---Unfavorable to Husbandry---Natural Impediments overcome---Source of Civilization---Children of the Sun---Other Traditions---Their Uncertainty---Conquests of the Incas---City of Cuzco---Fortress of Cuzco---Its remarkable Structure---Queen of the Inca---Heir-apparent---Order of Chivalry---Ceremonies of Admission---Inca a Despot---His Dress---Intercourse with the People---Progresses through the Country---Royal Palaces---Their gorgeous Decorations---Gardens of Yucay---All closed at the Inca's Death---Obsequies of the Incas---Their Bodies preserved---Produced at Festivals---Inca Nobles---Their exclusive Privileges---Curacas---Inca Nobility the highest

(19)

Orders of the State---Provisions for Justice---Division of Lands---Revenues and Registers---Great Roads and Posts---Military Tactics and Policy

Name of Peru---Divisions of the Empire---Tribunals of Justice---Character of the Laws---Simple Administration of Justice---Threefold Distribution of Lands---Division renewed yearly---Agrarian Law---The Land cultivated by the People---Appropriation and Care of the Llamas---Woollen Manufactures---Labor in Peru---Registers and Surveys by Government---Rotation of Labor---Magazines of Products and Manufactures---Taxation borne wholly by the People---No Room for Progress---No Pauperism---Monuments of Peruvian Industry---Great Roads---Suspension Bridges---Caravansaries, or Tambos---System of Posts---Relays of Couriers---Military Policy of the Incas---Conquests in the Name of Religion---Peruvian Army---Arms and Armour---Military Quarters and Magazines---Lenient Policy in War---Religion of the Conquered Nations---Disposition of the Conquered Territory---Quichua Language---Mitimaes---Unity of Purpose in Peruvian Institutions---Domestic Quiet their Aim---Religious Character of Peruvian Wars---Singular Harmony in their Empire

(24)

Peruvian Religion---Deities---Gorgeous Temples---Festivals---Virgins of the Sun---Marriage

Religion of the American Races---Peruvian Notions of a Future Life---Embalming and Burial---Idea of God---Worship of the Sun---Inferior Deities---Temple of the Sun at Cuzco---Its Richness and Splendor---Temples of inferior Deities---Utensils and Ornaments of Gold---Proofs of ancient Magnificence---High Priest---Sacerdotal Order---Duties of Priests---Festival of Raymi---Human Sacrifices rare---Sacred Flame---Religious Ceremony---Virgins of the Sun---Convents---Brides of the Inca---Marriage universal---Provisions for Marriage

(15)

Education---Quipus---Astronomy---Agriculture---Aqueducts---Guano---Important Esculents

Education in Peru---Seminaries and Amautas---Quipus and Quipucamayus---Method of transmitting History---Various Symbols of Thought---Quipus the poorest---Traditional Minstrelsy---Quichua Dialect---Theatrical Exhibitions---Division of Time---Regulated by the Equinoxes---Little Progress in Astronomy---The Inca's Care of Agriculture---System of Irrigation---Aqueducts---Terraces on the Sierra---Guano---Substitute for the Plough---Fairs---Variety of Products---Indian Corn---Cuca---Potatoes

(14)

Peruvian Sheep---Great Hunts---Manufactures---Mechanical Skill---Architecture---Concluding Reflections

Advantages for Manufactures---The Llama---Alpacas---Huanacos and Vicunas---Great annual Hunts---Woollen Manufactures---Division of Mechanical Labor---Extraordinary Dexterity in the Arts---No Use of Iron---Gold and Silver---Architecture a Test of Civilization---Peruvian Architecture---Houses---Their Simplicity of Construction---Adaptation to Climate---Comparison between the Inca and Aztec Races---In Policy and Religion---In Science---Peruvian and Eastern Empires---The Incas perfect Despots---Careful of the People---No Free Agency in Peru---No Idleness or Poverty---Influence of Government on Character---Life and Works of Sarmiento---And of Polo de Ondegardo

(20)

BOOK II DISCOVERY OF PERU

Ancient and Modern Science---Art of Navigation---Maritime Discovery---Spirit of the Spaniards---Possessions in the New World---Rumors Concerning Peru

Introductory Remarks---Progress in Navigation---Early Voyages of Discovery---Discovery of America---Romantic Expectations---Northern and Southern Adventurers---Extent of Discovery---Balboa reaches the Pacific---Colonial Policy---Pedro Arias de Avila---Foundation of Panama---First Southern Expedition---Rumors respecting Peru

103

(9)

Francisco Pizarro---His Early History---First Expedition to the South---Distresses of the Voyagers---Sharp Encounters---Return to Panama---Almagro's Expedition

Francis Pizarro's Early Life---He goes to Hispaniola---Various Adventures---He accompanies Pedrarias to Panama---Southern Expeditions---Almagro and Luque---Their Union with Pizarro---First Expedition for Discovery---Pizarro takes Command of it---Enters the River Biru---Distresses on Shore---Pursues his Voyage along the Coast---Heavy Tempests---Puts back and lands---Great Sufferings of the Spaniards---Montenegro sent back for Supplies---Indian Village---Great Distresses during his Absence---He returns with Assistance---Uncertainty of the Spaniards---They proceed farther South---Traces of Cannibalism---Pizarro reconnoitres the Country---Fierce Conflict with the Natives---Danger of Pizarro---He sends back his Vessel---Adventures of Almagro---He joins Pizarro---Returns to Panama

112

(14)

The Famous Contract---Second Expedition---Ruiz Explores the Coast---Pizarro's Sufferings in the Forests---Arrival of New Recruits---Fresh Discoveries and Disasters---Pizarro on the Isle of Gallo

Almagro coolly received by Pedrarias---Influence of Fernando de Luque---Narrow Views of the Governor---His subsequent History---Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque---Famous Contract for discovering Peru---Religious Tone assumed in it---Motives of the Conquerors---Luque's Share in the Enterprise---Preparations for the Voyage---Insufficiency of Supplies---Sailing of the Armament---Almagro returns to Panama---The Pilot Ruiz explores the Coast---Indian Balsas---Signs of higher Civilization---Returns with Indian Captives---Pizarro's Journey into the Interior---Frightful Difficulties of the March---Almagro returns with Recruits---They continue their Voyage---Thickly settled Country---Gold and Precious Stones---Warlike Aspect of the Natives---Deliberations of the Spaniards---Dispute between Pizarro and Almagro---The latter returns to Panama---Pizarro remains at the Isle of Gallo---His Followers discontented---Send home a secret Letter

126

(15)

Indignation of the Governor---Stern Resolution of Pizarro---Prosecution of the Voyage---Brilliant Aspect of Tumbez---Discoveries Along the Coast---Return to Panama---Pizarro Embarks for Spain

Pizarro ordered to return---He refuses---His bold Resolution---Eleven adhere to him---Pizarro's heroic Constancy---Left on the Isle of Gorgona---Efforts of Luque and Almagro---Succours sent to Pizarro---He continues his Voyage---Enters the Gulf of Guayaquil---Lands at Tumbez---Kind Reception by its Inhabitants---Visit of an Inca Noble---Adventure of Molina---Pedro de Candia sent on Shore---Kindly treated by the Natives---Reports of the Riches of the Place---Joy of the Spaniards---Pizarro again steers for the South---Tossed about by Tempests---Touches at various Points of the Coast---Splendid Accounts of the Peruvian Empire---Arrives at the Port of Santa---Homeward Voyage---Lands at Santa Cruz---Entertained by an Indian Princess---Continues his Voyage to Panama---Joy and Triumph of his Associates---Coldness of the Governor---Pizarro goes as Envoy to Spain---Notice of Garcilasso de la Vega---His Life and Writings---Character of his Works

141

(20)

BOOK III CONQUEST OF PERU

Pizarro's Reception at Court---His Capitulation With the Crown---He Visits His Birthplace---Returns to the New World---Difficulties with Almagro---His Third Expedition---Rich Indian Booty---Battles in the Isle of Puna

Pizarro in Spain---Gracious Reception at Court---Relates his Adventures to the Emperor---His Capitulation with the Crown---Dignities conferred on him---Provisions in Behalf of the Natives---Grasping Spirit of Pizarro---He visits his Birthplace---The Pizarro Family---His Brother Hernando---Obstacles to the Expedition---Sails and crosses to Nombre de Dios---Almagro greatly discontented---A Rupture with Difficulty prevented---Expedition fitted out at Panama---Pizarro's final Voyage to Peru---Driven into Bay of St. Matthew---Lands his Forces---Plunders an Indian Village---Division of Spoil---He marches along the Coast---Sufferings and Discontent of the Spaniards---They reach Puerto Viejo---Joined by Reinforcements---Cross to Isle of Puna---Conspiracy of its Inhabitants---They attack the Spanish Camp---Arrival of De Soto with Recruits

161

(15)

Peru at the Time of the Conquest---Reign of Huayna Capac---The Inca Brothers---Contest for the Empire---Triumph and Cruelties of Atahuallpa

The Inca Huayna Capac---His Apprehensions respecting the White Men---Prognostics of Trouble in Peru---Atahuallpa the Inca's Son---Shares the Empire with his Brother Huascar---Causes of Jealousy between them---Commencement of Hostilties---Huascar's Forces defeated---Ravage of Canaris---Atahuallpa marches on Cuzco---His Victory at Quipaypan---Capture of Huascar---Accounts of Atahuallpa's Cruelties---Reasons for doubting their Accuracy---Atahuallpa's Triumph---His Want of Foresight

176

(10)

The Spaniards Land at Tumbez---Pizarro Reconnoitres the Country---Foundation of San Miguel---March Into the Interior---Embassy From the Inca---Adventures of the March---Reach the Foot of the Andes

Spaniards pass over to Tumbez---The Place deserted and dismantled---Its Curaca captured---Pizarro reconnoitres the Country---His conciliating Policy---He founds San Miguel---Learns the State of the Kingdom---Determines to strike into the Interior---His probable Intentions---Boldness of the Enterprise---Marches through the Level Country---Hospitality of the Natives---Discontent in the Army---Pizzaro's Expedient to quiet it---Reception at Zaran---Envoy from the Inca---Courteously received by Pizarro---His Message to the Inca---De Soto's Expedition---His Accounts of the Indian Empire---March towards Caxamalca---Contradictory Information---Emissary to Atahuallpa---Effective Eloquence of Pizarro

186

(14)

Severe Passage of the Andes---Embassies From Atahuallpa---The Spaniards Reach Caxamalca---Embassy to the Inca---Interview with the Inca---Despondency of the Spaniards

March over the Andes---Fearful Passes of the Sierra---Toilsome and dangerous Ascent---Mountain Fortresses---The Army gain the Summit---Indian Embassy---Lofty Tone of Pizarro---Return of the Spanish Envoy---Different Accounts of Atahuallpa---Bold Descent of the Cordilleras---Beautiful Valley of Caxamalca---Imposing View of the Peruvian Camp---Entrance into Caxamalca---Description of the City---De Soto sent to Atahuallpa---His Interview with the Monarch---Haughty Demeanor of the Latter---His Reply to Pizarro---Soto's Exhibition of Horsemanship---Gloomy Forebodings of the Spaniards---Courage of Pizarro---Daring Plan for seizing the Inca---Reasons for its Adoption

200

(13)

Desperate Plan of Pizarro---Atahuallpa Visits the Spaniards---Horrible Massacre---The Inca a Prisoner---Conduct of the Conquerors---Splendid Promises of the Inca---Death of Huascar

Disposition of the Spanish Troops---Religious Ceremonies---Approach of the Inca---Designs not to enter the Town---Disappointment of the Spaniards---Atahuallpa changes his Purpose---Leaves his Warriors behind---Enters the great Square---Urged to embrace Christianity---He rejects it with Disdain---General Attack of the Spaniards---Bloody Massacre of the Peruvians---Seizure of Atahuallpa---Dispersion of his Army---Demeanor of the Captive Monarch---His probable Designs---Courteously treated by Pizarro---Indian Prisoners---Rich Spoils of the Inca---Magnificent Offer of Atahuallpa---Accepted by Pizarro---Inca's Mode of Life in Captivity---Refuses to embrace Christianity---Assassination of his Brother Huascar

213

(17)

Gold Arrives for the Ransom---Visit to Pachacamac---Demolition of the Idol---The Inca's Favorite General---The Inca's Life in Confinement---Envoy's Conduct in Cuzco---Arrival of Almagro

Slow Arrival of the Ransom---Rumors of an Indian Rising---Emissaries sent to Cuzco---City and Temple of Pachacamac---Hernando Pizarro's March thither---Great Road of the Incas---Herds of Llamas---Rich Cultivation of the Valleys---Hernando's Arrival at the City---Forcible Entry into the Temple---Horror of the Natives---Destruction of the Indian Idol---Small Amount of Booty---Hernando marches against Challcuchima---Persuades him to visit Caxamalca---Interview of Atahuallpa with his General---The Inca's absolute Authority---His Personal Habits and Appearance---Return of the Emissaries from Cuzco---Magnificent Reports of the City---They strip the Gold from the Temples---Their Insolence and Rapacity---Return with Loads of Treasure---Almagro arrives in Peru---Brings a large Reinforcement---Joins Pizarro's Camp---Superstitious Bodings of Atahuallpa

230

(12)

Immense Amount of Treasure---Its Division Among the Troops---Rumors of a Rising---Trial of the Inca---His Execution---Reflections

Division of the Inca's Ransom---Hernando takes the Royal Fifth to Spain---His Jealousy of Almagro---Enormous Amount of the Treasure---Difficulties in its Distribution---Shares of the Pizarros---Those of the Soldiers---Exclusion of Almagro and his Followers---Preparations for the March to Cuzco---The Inca demands his Liberty---Equivocal Conduct of Pizarro---The Interpreter Felipillo---The Inca charged with exciting Insurrection---His Protestations of Innocence---His Apprehensions---Fears and Murmurs of the Spaniards---They demand the Inca's Death---He is brought to Trial---Charges against him---Condemned to be burnt alive---Some protest against the Sentence---The Inca entirely unmanned---His earnest Entreaties for Mercy---Led to Execution---Abjures his Religion Perishes by the Garrote---His Character and Appearance---Funeral Obserquies---Return of De Soto---His Indignation and Astonishment---Reflections on the Inca's Treatment---Responsibility of Pizarro---Motives of Personal Pique---Views of Chroniclers respecing the Execution

242

(18)

Disorders in Peru---March to Cuzco---Encounter with the Natives Challcuchima Burnt---Arrival in Cuzco---Description of the City---Treasure Found There

Authority of the Inca in Peru---Effects of Atahuallpa's Death---New Inca appointed by Pizarro---March to Cuzco---Formidable Mountain Passes---Tedious and painful Route---Conflict with the Indians---Pizarro halts at Xauxa---De Soto sent forward---Furiously assaulted in the Sierra---Fierce Battle with the Indians---Apprehensions of the Spaniards---Arrival of Succours---The Peruvians retreat---Challcuchima accused of Conspiracy---Death of the Inca Toparca---Rich Vale of Xaquixaguana---Trial and Condemnation of Challcuchima---Burned alive before the Army---Spaniards arrive at Cuzco---Entrance into the Capital---Its large Population---Gorgeous Edifices---Its massive Fortress---Temple of the Sun---Plunder of the Public Buildings---Amount of Treasure secured---Its Division among the Troops---Its Effect upon the Spaniards

260

(15)

New Inca Crowned---Municipal Regulations---Terrible March of Alvarado---Interview With Pizarro---Foundation of Lima---Hernando Pizarro Reaches Spain---Sensation at Court---Feuds of Almagro and the Pizarros

Inca Manco crowned---Spanish Government in Cuzco---Christian Churches founded---Labors of the Missionaries---Sharp Encounters with the Natives---Landing of Pedro de Alvarado---His March to Quito---Terrible Passage of the Puertos Nevados---Sufferings from Cold and Starvation---Eruption of Cotopaxi---Alvarado reaches the Table-land---Benalcazar's Expedition---Almagro's Pursuit---Agreement between Alvarado and Almagro---Pizarro at Xauxa---His meeting with Alvarado---Site for a new Capital---Foundation of Lima---Almagro goes to Cuzco---Hernando Pizarro sent to Spain---Admitted to an Audience by the Emperor---Royal Grants to the Conquerors---Sensation produced by his Accounts---Returns with a large Armament---His Sufferings at Nombre de Dios---Elation of Almagro---Difficulty between him and Pizarro---Reconciliation effected---Singular Compact---Almagro's Expedition to Chili---Pizarro embellishes his Capital---His tranquil Occupations

275

(18)

Escape of the Inca---Return of Hernando Pizarro---Rising of the Peruvians---Siege and Burning of Cuzco---Distresses of the Spaniards---Storming of the Fortress---Pizarro's Dismay---The Inca Raises the Siege

Condition of the conquered Country---Inca Manco---Conspiracy of the Peruvians---Escape and Recapture of the Inca---Kindly treated by Hernando Pizarro---The Inca's final Escape---Hotly pursued by Juan Pizarro---Defeated on the Yucay---Juan Pizarro entangled in the Mountains---Summoned back to Cuzco---The Indians besiege it---Anxiety of the Spaniards---Firing of the City---Terrible Conflagration---Perilous Condition of the Spaniards---Desperate Combats---Distress of the Besieged---Their resolute Determination---Furious Sally---Discipline of the Natives---Terrible Slaughter of them---The Spaniards storm the Citadel---Death of Juan Pizarro---Heroism of an Inca Noble---The Fortress taken---Scarcity of Provisions---Reinforcements cut off---Consternation of the Spaniards---Pizarro seeks Supplies from the North---The Inca withdraws his Forces---Chivalrous Encounters---Attempt to seize the Inca---Attack on his Quarters at Tambo---The Spaniards compelled to retreat---Biographical Notice of Pedro Pizarro---Notice of Montesinos

293

(21)

BOOK IV CIVIL WARS OF THE CONQUERORS

Almagro's March to Chili---Sufferings of the Troops---He Returns and Seizes Cuzco---Action of Abancay---Gaspar De Espinosa---Almagro Leaves Cuzco---Negotiations with Pizarro

Almargo sets out for Chili---Wild Scenery of the Andes---Numbers perish of Cold and Famine---Horrible Sufferings of his Army---Cruelty towards his Indian Allies---Overtaken by Rodrigo de Orgofiez---Receives bad Tidings from the South---Returns by the Desert of Atacama---Many perish among the Sands---Arrives near Cuzco---Battle with the Inca's Troops---Claims Jurisdiction over Cuzco---Takes Possession of the Place---Captures Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro---Orgonez advises their Death---Marches against Alonso de Alvarado---Battle of Abancay---Almagro defeats and takes him Prisoner---Returns to Cuzco---Pizarro greatly alarmed---Sends Espinosa to negotiate---Death of his Emissary---Critical Situation of the Brothers Pizarro---Almagro leaves Cuzco for the Coast---Stormy Conference with Francis Pizarro---Bitter Feelings of Almagro---Politic Concessions of Pizarro---Treaty concluded between them---Hernando set at Liberty

314

(13)

First Civil War---Almagro Retreats to Cuzco---Battle of Las Halinas---Cruelty of the Conquerors---Trial and Execution of Almagro---His Character

Pizarro prepares for War---Perfidiously breaks the Treaty---Almagro disabled by Illness---He retreats to Cuzco---Orgonez takes Command of the Forces---Hernando Pizarro marches against him---Composition of the Army---His Order of Battle---Attacks Orgonez---Bloody Battle of Las Salinas---Heroism and Death of Orgonez---Rout of the Army---Almagro taken Prisoner---Assassination of Pedro de Lerma---Hernando occupies Cuzco---Illness and Distress of Almagro---He is brought to Trial---Sentenced to Death---Earnestly sues for Life---Appoints his Son his Successor---Is strangled in Prison---His Character---His free and liberal Temper---Unfortunate Connection with Pizarro

327

(12)

Pizarro Revisits Cuzco---Hernando Returns to Castile---His Long Imprisonment---Commissioner Sent to Peru---Hostilities With the Inca---Pizarro's Active Administration---Gonzalo Pizarro

Pizarro marches towards Cuzco---Learns Almagro's Death---His own Agency in it---His arrogant Conduct---Gross Partiality to his Family---Hernando returns with much Gold to Spain---His Warning to his Brother---Coldly received at Court---Is thrown into Prison---Detained there for many Years---His Character---Disorderly State of Peru---Commissioner sent out by the Crown---Vaca de Castro arrives in Peru---War with the Inca Manco---Cruelty of Pizarro to one of his Wives---Pizarro establishes Settlements in Peru---His Journey to Lima---His efficient Administration---Gonzalo Pizarro sent to Quito---Character of that Chief

339

(11)

Gonzalo Pizarro's Expedition---Passage Across the Mountains---Discovers the Napo---Incredible Sufferings---Orellana Sails Down the Amazon---Despair of the Spaniards---The Survivors Return to Quito

Expedition to the Land of Cinnamon---Gonzalo leads it---Tempestuous Weather on the March---Forests of enormous Growth---Miseries and Sufferings of the Spaniards---They arrive on the Borders of the Napo---Stupendous Cataract---Perilous Passage of the River---They construct a Brigantine---Orellana takes Command of it---They reach the Banks of the Amazon---Orellana's wonderful Voyage---His subsequent Fate---Dismal Situation of the Spaniards---Courageous Spirit of Gonzalo---Their Return through the Wilderness---Frightful Mortality---Survivors reenter Quito

350

(10)

The Almagro Faction---Their Desperate Condition---Conspiracy Against Francisco Pizarro---Assassination of Pizarro---Acts of the Conspirators---Pizarro's Character

Pizarro's Policy towards the Men of Chili---Their destitute Condition---Pizarro's contemptuous Treatment of them---Their Disaffection---Conspiracy against Pizarro---Betrayed to him---His strange Insensibility---Assaulted in his Palace---Is deserted by his Friends---His Coolness and Intrepidity---His desperate Defence---His Death---Proceedings of the Conspirators---Fate of Pizarro's Remains---His Family---His Personal Appearance---His Liberality---His Want of Education---His Courage and Constancy---His inflexible Spirit---Compared with Cortes---His Treatment of the Indians---Want of Religion---His Avarice and Ambition---Extenuating Circumstances

360

(16)

Movements of the Conspirators---Advance of Vaca De Castro---Proceedings of Almagro---Progress of the Governor---The Forces Approach Each Other---Bloody Plains of Chupas---Conduct of Vaca De Castro

Arrival of Vaca de Castro---Difficulties of his Situation---He assumes the Government---Almagro strengthens himself at Lima---Massacre of Bishop Valverde---His fanatical Character---Irresolution of Almagro---Death of Juan de Rada---Almagro occupies Cuzco---Puts to Death Garcia de Alvarado---His energetic Operations---He vainly attempts to negotiate---His Address to his Troops---Amount of his Forces---Marches against Vaca de Castro---Progress of the Governor---His politic Management---Reaches Lima---Musters his Army at Xauxa---Declines the Aid of Gonzalo Pizarro---Negotiates with Almagro---His Terms rejected---Occupies the Plains of Chupas---Advance of Almagro---The Governor forms in Order of Battle---Addresses the Soldiers---Dispositions of Almagro---Francisco de Carbajal---He leads the Royal Army---Bloody Conflict---Bravery of Carbajal---Night overtakes the Combatants---Almagro's Army give way---His heroic Efforts---He is made Prisoner---Number of the Slain---Execution of Almagro---His Character---Gonzalo Pizarro at Cuzco---Laws for the Government of the Colonies---Wise Conduct of Vaca de Castro

376

(21)

Abuses by the Conquerors---Code for the Colonies---Great Excitement in Peru---Blasco Nunez the Viceroy---His Severe Policy---Opposed by Gonzalo Pizarro

Forlorn Condition of the Natives---Brutal Conduct of the Conquerors---Their riotous Waste---Remonstrances of Government---Humane Efforts of Las Casas---Royal Ordinances---Viceroy and Audience for Peru---Great Commotion in the Colonies---Anxiety of Vaca de Castro---Colonists apply to Gonzalo Pizarro---Blasco Nunez Vela, the Viceroy---He arrives in the New World---His high-handed Measures---The Country thrown into Consternation---Gonzalo Pizarro repairs to Cuzco---Assumes the Title of Procurator---His ambitious Views

397

(12)

The Viceroy Arrives at Lima---Gonzalo Pizarro Marches From Cuzco Death of the Inca Manco---Rash Conduct of the Viceroy Seized and Deposed by the Audience---Gonzalo Proclaimed Governor of Peru

Blasco Nunez, the Viceroy, enters Lima---His impolitic Behavior---Discontent of the Colonists---Gonzalo Pizarro assembles an Army---Marches from Cuzco---Death of the Inca Manco---Hesitation of Gonzalo Pizarro---Reassured by popular Favor---Suspicious Temper of the Viceroy---He confines Vaca de Castro---He prepares for War---Audience arrive at Lima---Disapprove the Viceroy's Proceedings---Murder of Suarez de Carbajal---Rash Design of the Viceroy---Thwarted by the Audience---Made Prisoner in his Palace---Sent back to Spain---Gonzalo Pizarro claims the Government---Cruelties of Carbajal---Audience grant Pizarro's Demands---His triumphant Entry into Lima---Proclaimed Governor---Rejoicings of the People

409

(11)

Measures of Gonzalo Pizarro---Escape of Vaca De Castro---Reappearance of the Viceroy---His Disastrous Retreat---Defeat and Death of the Viceroy---Gonzalo Pizarro Lord of Peru

Gonzalo Pizarro establishes his Authority---Vaca de Castro escapes to Spain---Is there thrown into Confinement---The Viceroy Blasco Nunez set on Shore---Musters a Force at San Miguel---Gonzalo marches against him---Surprises him by Night---Pursues him across the Mountains---Terrible Sufferings of the Armies---Disaffection among the Viceroy's Followers---He puts several Cavaliers to Death---Enters Quito---Driven onward to Popayan---Reinforced by Benalcazar---Stratagem of Pizarro---Blasco Nunez approaches Quito---Attempts to surprise Gonzalo Pizarro---Determines to give him Battle---Addresses his Troops---Inferiority of his Forces---Battle of Anaquito---The Viceroy defeated---Slain on the Field---Great Slaughter of his Troops---Character of Blasco Nunez---Difficulty of his Position---Moderation of Gonzalo Pizarro---His Triumphant Progress to Lima---Undisputed Master of Peru---Carbajal's Pursuit of Centeno---He works the Mines of Potosi---State assumed by Pizarro---Urged to shake off his Allegiance---His Hesitation---Critical Notices of Herrera and Gomara---Life and Writings of Oviedo---And of Cieza de Leon

420

(21)

BOOK V SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTRY

Great Sensation in Spain---Pedro De La Gasca---His Early Life---His Mission to Peru---His Politic Conduct---His Offers to Pizarro---Gains the Fleet

Consternation produced in Spain---Embarrassments of the Government---Conciliatory Measure adopted---Pedro de la Gasca---Account of his early Life---Selected for the Peruvian Mission---Receives the Injunctions of Government---Demands unlimited Powers---Granted by the Emperor---Refuses a Bishopric---Sails from San Lucar---State of Things in Peru---Gasca arrives at Nombre de Dios---His plain and unpretending Demeanor---He gains over Mexia---Cautious Reception of him by Hinojosa---He distributes Letters through the Country---Communicates with Gonzalo Pizarro---His Letters to him and Cepeda---He is detained at Panama---Refuses to employ violent Measures---Secret Anxiety of Pizarro---He sends Aldana to Spain---Interview of Aldana with Gasca---He embraces the Royal Cause---Hinojosa surrenders the Fleet to Gasca---Gasca's temperate Policy succeeds

441

(15)

Gasca Assembles His Forces---Defection of Gonzalo Pizarro's Followers---He Musters His Levies---Agitation in Lima---He Abandons the City---Gasca Sails from Panama---Bloody Battle of Huarina

Gasca seeks Supplies of Men and Money---Aldana sent with a Squadron to Lima---Influence of Gasca's Proclamations---Change of Sentiment in the Country---Letter of Gasca to Pizarro---Different Views of Carbajal and Cepeda---Centeno seizes Cuzco for the Crown---Gonzalo's active Measures---Splendid Equipment of his Army---He becomes suspicious and violent---Solemn Farce of Cepeda---Aldana arrives off Lima---Gonzalo's Followers desert to him---Perplexity of that Chief---He marches out of Lima---Tempestuous Voyage of Gasca---He lands at Tumbez---Encamps at Xauxa---Gonzalo resolves to retire to Chili---Centeno intercepts him---Pizarro advances to Lake Titicaca---The two Armies approach Huarina---Inferiority of the rebel Army---Carbajal's Arquebusiers---Battle of Huarina---Centeno's Cavalry bear down all before them---Critical Situation of Pizarro---Carbajal's Musketeers retrieve the Day---Decisive Victory of the Rebels---Great Loss on both Sides---Escape of Centeno---Gonzalo Pizarro enters Cuzco in Triumph

456

(18)

Dismay in Gasca's Camp---His Winter Quarters---Resumes His March---Crosses the Apurimac---Pizarro's Conduct in Cuzco---He Encamps Near the City---Rout of Xaquixaguana

Consternation in the Royal Camp---Energetic Measures of the President---He marches to Andaguaylas---Joined by Valdivia from Chili---Excellent Condition of Gasca's Troops---He sets out for Cuzco---Difficult Passage of the Andes---He throws a Bridge over the Apurimac---Great Hazard in in crossing the River---Dangerous Ascent of the Sierra---He encamps on the Heights---Gonzalo Pizarro's careless Indifference---Wise Counsel of Carbajal---Rejected by his Commander---Acosta detached to guard the Passes---Tardy Movements of that Officer---Valley of Xaquixaguana---Seleced as a Battle-ground by Pizarro---Gonzalo takes up a Position there---Approach of the Royal Army---Skirmish on the Heights---The President fears a Night Attack---The Armies drawn up in Battle-array---Chivalrous Bearing of Gonzalo---Desertion of Cepeda---His Example followed by others---A Panic seizes the rebel Troops---They break up and disperse---Pizarro surrenders himself Prisoner---Sternly received by Gasca---Capture of Carbajal---Great Booty of the Victors

474

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Execution of Carbajal---Gonzalo Pizarro Beheaded---Spoils of Victory---Wise Reforms by Gasca---He Returns to Spain---His Death and Character

Sentence passed on the Prisoners---Indifference of Carbajal---His Execution---His early Life---Atrocities committed by him in Peru---His caustic Repartees---His Military Science---Execution of Gonzalo Pizarro---His Conduct on the Scaffold---Confiscation of his Estates---His early History---His brilliant Exterior---His Want of Education---Fate of Cepeda---And of Gonzalo's Officers---Gasca occupies Cuzco---Gasca's Difficulty in apportioning Rewards---His Letter to the Army---Value of Repartimientos---Murmurs of the Soldiery---The President goes to Lima---His Care for the Natives---He abolishes Slavery in the Colonies---Introduces wholesome Reforms---Tranquillity restored to the Country---He refuses numerous Presents---Embarks for Panama---His narrow Escape there---Sails from Nombre de Dios---Arrives with his Treasure at Seville---Graciously received by the Emperor---Made Bishop of Siguenza---His Death---His personal Appearance---Admirable Balance of his Qualities---His Common Sense---His Rectitude and Moral Courage---Concluding Reflections---Critical Notice of Zarate---Life and Writings of Fernandez

492

(23)

Index

515

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