A History of Greece to 322 B.C.

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ISBN: 9780198730958 | 0198730950
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/28/1986

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This new edition of a well-known history of ancient Greece presents a modern interpretation of Greek ideas, culture, and history. Although the book's primary focus is on the political and military history of the Greek states, the prehistoric period and the intellectual, social, and economicbackgrounds are also covered. N.G.L. Hammond's work thoroughly documents its ancient sources, and directs readers to further studies in the field. Updated and revised, the third edition adds new material on the significance of the spread of tumulus-burial in Albania and the Mycenaean world, thedating of early coinage, the decree of Themistocles, and on aspects of the rule of Alexander the Great. Wide-ranging in scope, yet rich in detail, this work adds a modern perspective to the study of a fascinating ancient culture.

List of Figures

xix

List of Plates

xxii

Abbreviations

xxiii

Short Selection of Translations

xxiv

Introduction The Geography of the Greek Peninsula and Islands

Climate--land and sea communications--other general characteristics

(9)

North-west Greece--north-east Greece--central Greece--Peloponnese--Ionian Islands--Aegean Islands

(7)

Changes since antiquity

(7)

BOOK I THE EARLY CIVILIZATIONS OF GREECE AND THE GREAT MIGRATIONS (C. 6000--850)

The Sources of Knowledge

(5)

The Settlement of the Aegean Islands and Minoan Civilization

Neolithic period--Early Bronze Age--growth of Minoan Civilization in the Middle Bronze Age (2000--1600)--Palaces of Cnossus and Phaestus--Minoan Linear Script

(3)

Zenith of Minoan prosperity (1600--1400)--town-planning at Gournia and Pseira--social and religious life--Palace of Cnossus--Minoan trade and influence

(6)

Separate culture at Cnossus (1450--1400)--Mycenaean Linear Script--Mycenaean rulers of Cnossus--sack of Cnossus (1400)

(3)

The Greek Mainland and Mycenaean Civilization

Early, Middle, and Late Neolithic periods (c. 6000--2800)--civilization of the Early Bronze Age (c. 2800--1900)--continuance of Neolithic culture in Macedonia and Thessaly--north-west Greece--evidence of language and Indo-European peoples--evidence of folk-tradition--range of Middle Helladic trade--tumulus burial in Albania and Greece

(6)

Grave Circles at Mycenae and tumulus burial--first shaft-grave dynasty at Mycenae--influence of Minoan culture on the mainland--second shaft-grave dynasty--tholos-tomb dynasty--expansion of mainland states--range of trade in the Bronze Age world--collapse of Cnossus (1400)

(4)

Rapid growth of Mycenaean trade (1400--1300)--Greek settlements overseas--trade with Troy VI--contacts with Sicily and the West--homogeneous culture on the Greek mainland--recession of Mycenaean trade after 1300--Palace of Mycenae--Mycenaeans warlike--`Achaeans' in Hittite and Egyptian records--great raids against Egypt from c. 1225 onwards--wealth and sack of Troy c. 1200

(9)

Dialects of Greek in Mycenaean and later times--in the Homeric poems--`Pelasgian' languages--Greek traditions of the Bronze Age--of folk movements--of the Dorians--of Troy--the genealogies

(5)

The Heroic Age and the Epic Saga--its historical content--Trojan Catalogue--Achaean Catalogue--political organization--social organization--King, Council, and tribal state--unification of Attica by Theseus--Minos of Cnossus--religious beliefs

(12)

The Great Migrations

Effect of Troy's fall--migrations to the West--Achaean settlements in the Aegean--`Lausitz' invasion of Macedonia--migrations in Greece--archaeological evidence--literary evidence--Dorians, Boeotians, and Thessalians--the names `Peloponnesus', `Hellenes', and `Hellas'--occupation of central Greece and Peloponnese--Dorian conquests overseas

(7)

Dialects spoken by the invaders--characteristics of the Dorians and of the speakers of `North-West Greek'--their institutions--their treatment of the earlier inhabitants

(3)

The Aeolian Migration--resistance in the Peloponnese--few emigrants from the Peloponnese--Attica and the Ionian Migration--excavations at Kerameikos--Proto-Geometric pottery--duration and character of the Dorian Migration--Ionian institutions--the Cyclades and Delos

(6)

The Ionians and the Epic--Iliad--Odyssey--Homeric Hymns

(5)

BOOK II THE RENAISSANCE OF GREECE (850--546)

The Sources of Knowledge

(1)

A Period of Cultural and Political Revival (850--730)

Culture in the Near East--Phoenician alphabet--beginnings of trade with the Near East--Geometric and Orientalizing potteries--the poems of Hesiod--Delphi, Olympia, and Delos--Homeric Hymns

(4)

The Ionian city-state--the Dorian city-states in Crete--the origin of the Dorian form of city-state--its institutions at Sparta--the social system--Lycurgus' reform (c. 825--800)--the constitution--the Great Rhetra--Sparta a mature polis

(8)

Expansion of Sparta in Laconia--conquest of Messenia (c. 730--710)--Sparta's constitution modified--the Ephorate

105

(1)

City-states formed at Megara and Corinth--war between Megara and Corinth--the Dorian city-state as a new political form

106

(3)

The Colonial Expansion of the Greek City-States

Greek colonization sea-borne--developments in sea power and fighting power--settled conditions in the Greek homeland

109

(3)

Political character of the colonies--relations with the foundress--religious and social aspects--choice of sites

112

(2)

Main areas of colonization--Black Sea--Propontis--north Aegean

114

(2)

North-west Greece and Illyria--Italy--Sicily--The Far West--Africa--south-west Asia

116

(5)

Aims, causes, and effects of colonization

121

(4)

The Commercial Development of the Greek States c. 750--550

Situation in the Near East--trade with Egypt--trade with Asia Minor--prosperity of Ionia (610--540)

125

(2)

Crete, Rhodes, and Cnidus as intermediaries between East and West--Sparta and Thera--Euboea and the Cyclades

127

(2)

The Isthmus states--Corinth--Megara--Sicyon--other mainland states

129

(1)

Articles of trade--prosperous centres of exchange

130

(1)

Invention of coinage--in Lydia and East Greece--in Peloponnese--main systems of currency--coinage in the West--general characteristics

131

(4)

Warfare in the Period 750--550

Frontier wars by Corinth, Megara, Athens, &c.--Lelantine War--struggles of Argos and Sparta for hegemony in the Peloponnese--Second Messenian War (c. 640--620)

135

(2)

First Sacred War (595--586)--Delphic Amphictyony--strength and decline of Thessaly

137

(1)

Character and conventions of warfare--cavalry and infantry--hoplites and light-armed troops

138

(2)

Constitutional Developments (Excluding Athens)

Decline of kingship--survival at Sparta--Tageia of Thessaly

140

(2)

Aristocracy--the Council--degrees of Aristocratic Oligarchy--basis and stability of Aristocracy--the problems of the early Lawgivers--changes towards an oligarchy of property owners

142

(3)

Tyranny and its origins--the Cypselid tyranny at Corinth--the Orthagorid tyranny at Sicyon--tyrannies at Epidaurus and Megara--civil war at Megara--record of the Dorian tyrants

145

(6)

Tyrannies in the West--in Ionia and Aeolis--civil war and the beginnings of democracy

151

(2)

Constitutional Developments at Athens and the Spartan Alliance

Athens a tribal state--clans and guilds--magistrates, Areopagus, and Assembly--conspiracy of Cylon and exile of the Alcmeonidae--Draco the Lawgiver (621)--the law of homicide

153

(4)

Civil war c. 600--the laws of debt--hectemoroi and slaves--Solon's archonship 594/593--the Seisachtheia--Solon's law of amnesty--reforms in law and economics--immigration

157

(3)

Constitutional reform--property classes--magistrates--Areopagus--Council of Four Hundred--Assembly--People's Court (Heliaea)--character of the Solonian Constitution--Solon's other reforms in law

160

(3)

Solon's principles for the Athenian state--his religious views and his integrity--renewal of civil war--rise of Peisistratus--effect of Solon's reforms--beginnings of Athens' commercial prosperity

163

(3)

Interstate relations--prestige of Sparta--the Spartan Alliance--Croesus--defeat of Argos

166

(3)

Religion and Culture 850-546

Religion and society in harmony--the Oracles--`Homeric' Hymns--Eleusinian Mysteries--Orphism--music, dance, and poetry--choral lyric--personal poetry in Ionia and Aeolis--concern with the present--art--sculpture--philosophy--the system of Anaximander

169

(7)

BOOK III THE TRIUMPH OF GREECE (546-466)

The Advance of Persia and the Growth of Athens

Rise of Persia--organization of the Persian empire--position of the Greek states--advance into Europe

176

(3)

Athens under the tyrants--foreign policy--domestic policy--the opposition--fall of the tyranny--its effect on Athens

179

(6)

Civil war at Athens--Cleisthenes' reform of the electoral system--the Council of Five Hundred--the Constitution

185

(6)

Athens at war with Sparta, Boeotia, Chalcis, and Aegina--the first cleruchies--the beginnings of Athenian imperialism

191

(3)

The Spartan Alliance and the Turbulence of the Greek States

Foreign policy of Sparta--Cleomenes' failure against Athens--organization of the Spartan Alliance--defeat of Argos

194

(2)

Growth of federalism--the Boeotian League--new states formed by a union of communities (synoikismos)--the Chersonese

196

(2)

Tyrannies in the Aegean--Polycrates of Samos--prosperity of Naxos--Persian attack on Naxos (499)

198

(2)

The enemies of the Greeks in the West--wars between colonies--tyrannies in the West

200

(1)

Developments in warfare--fortifications--naval warfare--manpower

201

(3)

The Ionian Revolt and Persia's Expedition Against Athens and Eretria

The conspiracy--sack of Sardis--widespread revolt--Persian offensives--battle of Lade--fall of Miletus

204

(3)

Lessons of the Revolt--settlement by Persia--advance in Europe--preparations for an expedition against Athens and Eretria

207

(2)

Athens' internal politics (498-492)--foreign relations--Sparta mediates between Athens and Aegina--hostilities between Athens and Aegina

209

(3)

Datis and Artaphernes cross the Aegean--battle of Marathon--importance of the Athenian victory--Persian affairs

212

(7)

Xerxes' Invasion of Greece

The end of Miltiades--the nature of Athenian politics--ostracism--selection of the archons by lot--Themistocles and the fleet

219

(4)

Sparta's leading position--the utterances of Delphi--the Greek Congress--organization and forces--command--defence of north Greece abandoned

223

(5)

Xerxes' forces--Thermopylae and Artemisium--defence of Thermopylae--naval actions off Artemisium--fall of Thermopylae--retreat of the Greek fleet

228

(9)

Xerxes' advance--evacuation of Athens--battle of Salamis--departure of Xerxes

237

(8)

Army of Mardonius in Central Greece--battle of Plataea--punishment of Thebes--battle of Mycale--capture of Sestus--end of Herodotus' history

245

(9)

The Growth of the Athenian Alliance

Friction between Athens and Sparta--refortification of Athens--disgrace of Leotychidas and Pausanias

254

(2)

Covenant of the Athenian Alliance--constitution--achievements--battle of Eurymedon

256

(4)

Political developments at Sparta--weakening of the Spartan Alliance--death of Pausanias--wars in the Peloponnese--Third Messenian War

260

(3)

Athens after the Persian War--ascendancy of the Areopagus--flight and death of Themistocles--Cimon's policy--Athenian thalassocracy

263

(4)

The Western Greeks 490-466

The tyranny of Gelon--invasion by Carthage--battle of Himera

267

(3)

Defeat of the Etruscans by Hieron--his power and death--overthrow of the tyrants--their services to Sicily

270

(2)

Aristocracy and democracy in the Greek states of Italy--the rise of Rome in Latium

272

(1)

Literature, Thought, and Art (546-466)

The maturity of the Greek states--the zenith of aristocracy--Pindar--Ionian poets

273

(2)

Attic Drama--Aeschylus--his religious beliefs--Pythagoras and his followers--Heraclitus--Parmenides

275

(5)

Beginnings of history--exploration and geography--medicine--beginnings of Comedy--art--architecture--sculpture

280

(7)

BOOK IV THE GREAT WARS BETWEEN ATHENS AND SPARTA (466-404)

Athens at War with Persia and Sparta

The democratic movement--reform of Ephialtes and Pericles--Athens' ultimatum to Thasos--great earthquake at Sparta--rupture between Athens and Sparta

287

(5)

Athenian offensives against Persia and the Peloponnese--battle of Tanagra--Athens controls central Greece--sea-borne attacks on the Peloponnese--disaster in Egypt--policy of Athens reviewed

292

(7)

Ascendancy of Pericles--peace with Persia--conversion of the Athenian Alliance into the Athenian Empire--the struggle with Sparta--the Thirty Years Treaty

299

(12)

The Fifteen Years of Peace

The basis of peace--Pericles' foreign policy--the Samian War--the expanding power of Athens

311

(6)

Athens in the Ionian Sea--alliance with Corcyra--decree against Megara and ultimatum to Potidaea--hostilities in Chalcidice

317

(4)

Sparta and her Allies decide to go to war--diplomatic exchanges--Athens refuses to retract

321

(3)

The finances of the empire and Athens--population and society of Attica--the working of Democracy--position and ideals of Pericles

324

(9)

Art, Literature, and Thought (466-431)

Sculpture and architecture--Herodotus--philosophers and physicists--Sophocles

333

(12)

The First Part of the Peloponnesian War (431-421)

Resources and strategies--attack on Plataea--invasion of Attica--naval raids by Athens--the Plague--operations in the north-west--investment of Plataea

345

(11)

Revolt of Mitylene--fall of Plataea--civil war at Corcyra--Demosthenes in the north-west--Pylus and Sphacteria--vigorous offensives against Corinth and Megara--price of Athens' success

356

(14)

Battle of Delium--Brasidas in Chalcidice and Amphipolis--the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas--the Peace of Nicias

370

(6)

The Western Greeks (466-421) and the intervention of Athens

376

(3)

The Second Part of the Peloponnesian War (421-404)

Negotiations for regrouping the leading states--battle of Mantinea (418)--isolation of Athens

379

(8)

The Sicilian Expedition

387

(13)

Revolt of Chios and Miletus--Sparta and Persia in alliance--oligarchic revolution in the Athenian fleet at Samos

400

(3)

The rule of the Four Hundred--the establishment of the Five Thousand--the oligarchic programmes

403

(6)

Victories at Cynossema and Cyzicus--democracy restored at Athens--return of Alcibiades--battle of Arginusae--Aegospotami and the surrender of Athens

409

(11)

The Cultural Crisis in the Peloponnesian War

The Sophists--Socrates--Euripides--Aristophanes--Thucydides--Antiphon--medicine--mathematics--religion, superstition, and politics

420

(17)

BOOK V THE PERIOD OF TRANSIENT HEGEMONIES (404--354)

The Hegemony of Sparta (404--386)

Political problems of the period

437

(1)

Problems and resources of Sparta

438

(4)

Lysander's extreme oligarchies--Thirty Tyrants at Athens--victory of Athenian democrats at Munychia--intervention by Lysander--peace imposed by Pausanias--political amnesty between moderates and democrats--collapse of extreme oligarchs--Athens a unified democracy--trial of Socrates

442

(7)

Sparta's treatment of her Alliance--action against Elis and Heraclea--Sparta's relations with Persia--expedition of Cyrus--return of the Ten Thousand--Sparta at war with Persia--Agesilaus' campaigns in Asia--Persia's fleet reconstituted by Conon--Thebes and Athens rise against Sparta--death of Lysander--recall of Agesilaus from Asia--Corinth, Argos, and other states rise against Sparta

449

(8)

The Corinthian War--battle of Nemea--battle of Coronea--stalemate at Corinth--union of Corinth and Argos--battle of Cnidus--Pharnabazus and Conon tour the Aegean--Spartan successes in the Gulf of Corinth--abortive negotiations for peace--Athens' offensive at sea--death of Thrasybulus--Peace of Antalcidas

457

(9)

The Autocratic Methods of Dionysius and of Sparta (386--368)

Collapse of Persia's sea power--Agesilaus' policy--at Mantinea and Phlius--towards the Chalcidian League--at Thebes--the Spartan Empire in 379

466

(4)

Carthaginian invasion of Sicily--Dionysius tyrant of Syracuse--at war with Carthage--conquests in Sicily and south Italy--colonies in the Adriatic--last wars with Carthage--nature of his power

470

(12)

Liberation of Thebes--alliance with Athens against Sparta--Boeotian League re-forms--Second Athenian Alliance--Peace Treaty of 374

482

(9)

Athens' bid for supremacy--King's Peace of 371--battle of Leuctra--Jason of Pherae--Boeotian Coalition--Epaminondas in the Peloponnese--end of the Spartan Alliance

491

(8)

The Collapse of the Leading Powers

Boeotia's bid for supremacy--King's Peace of 366--imperialism of Athens--death of Pelopidas--Epaminondas' naval offensive--battle of Mantinea--ability of Epaminondas

499

(12)

League of City-States--decline of the Boeotian Coalition--Sacred War to spring 354--aggressive policy of Athens--Social War

511

(6)

Character of Dionysius II--Plato and Dion--Dion liberates Syracuse--struggle for power in Syracuse--Carthaginian fleet in the Great Harbour--political anarchy and Plato's influence

517

(4)

The Social and Economic Background to the Troubles of Greece

The spread of commerce and culture--slaves as a form of capital--impoverished citizens--imperialism and anarchy--population and finances of Athens--changes in Athenian democracy--Theoric Fund

521

(12)

BOOK VI THE RISE AND EXPANSION OF MACEDON

Macedon Wins a Place Among the Greek Powers (359--346)

Geography, resources, and institutions of Macedonia--Philip appointed Regent--peace with Athens--victory over Bardylis--fall of Amphipolis--alliance with Chalcidian League--advances during the Social War--development of Macedonia

533

(9)

Sacred War from 354 to 352--battle of the Crocus Field--a Greek coalition at Thermopylae--Philip in Thrace--policy of Athens and Demosthenes' early speeches--troubles of Persia

542

(5)

Philip in Illyria, Epirus, and Thessaly--Philip's ultimatum to the Chalcidian League--Demosthenes' Olynthiacs--revolt of Euboea--fall of Olynthus

547

(4)

Final stages of the Sacred War--diplomacy of Athens and Philip--Treaty of Philocrates--liberation of Delphi--policies of Philip and Demosthenes

551

(5)

Macedon Gains Control of the Greek States (346--336)

Struggle between Demosthenes and Aeschines--preparations of Athens--growth of Philip's power--Demosthenes obtains allies--Philip controls Thrace--disputes between Philip and Athens--siege of Perinthus and Byzantium

556

(7)

War between Macedon and Athens--alliance of Persia and Athens--Philip campaigns to the Danube--Sacred War against Amphissa--Philip at Elatea--alliance of Athens and Boeotia--battle of Chaeronea

563

(7)

Philip's plan for the settlement of Greece--League of Corinth--Macedon and Greece declare war on Persia--assassination of Philip--achievement and personality of Philip

570

(6)

Rome's alliance with Carthage--Timoleon liberates Syracuse--defeats Carthage at the river Crimisus--Timoleon's settlement of Sicily--Alexander of Epirus in south Italy (334--330)--decline of the Greeks in Sicily and Italy

576

(6)

The Intellectual Background of the Fourth Century

Intellectual development and the City-State--Xenophon, Theopompus, Ephorus, and Isocrates--local history--Aristophanes' later Comedies--Attic prose--influence of Socrates--ideas of Plato and Aristotle on politics and the nature of man--systematic scholarship--Antisthenes, Diogenes, and Aristippus--sculpture and painting--architecture--growth of superstition

582

(14)

Alexander and the Greeks Defeat Persia (336--330)

Troubles of the succession--campaigns in the Balkans--revolt and sack of Thebes--the Greek League sends contingents--the Macedonian army

596

(5)

Crossing of the Hellespont--battle of the river Granicus--Alexander's settlement of Asia Minor--the war at sea

601

(7)

Alexander enters Syria--battle of Issus--siege of Tyre--surrender of Egypt--Alexander's settlement of the Near East

608

(7)

Battle of Gaugamela--surrender of Babylon--Agis defeated by Antipater at Megalopolis--sack of Persepolis--troops of the Greek League return home--Demosthenes On the Crown

615

(6)

Alexander's Eastern Conquests (330--323)

Alexander claims the Persian throne--death of Darius--conquest of Iran--Macedonian opposition to his Persian policy--execution of Philotas--death of Cleitus--expansion of the army--Alexander's cities

621

(6)

Contemporary ideas of geography--invasion of India--battle of the river Hydaspes--mutiny at the river Hyphasis--campaigns in the Indus valley

627

(5)

Return from India--organization of the Eastern empire--organization of the army--the feast at Opis--communications by sea--dealings with the Greek states--death of Alexander

632

(7)

Statesmanship of Alexander--administration of the empire--personality of Alexander--his religious views

639

(4)

The Splitting of the Empire and Antipater's Occupation of Greece (323--321)

Problem of the succession--Perdiccas commands the army in Asia--the first war of the Successors--murder of Perdiccas

643

(2)

Situation in Greece--Athens prepares for war--victories of the Greek coalition--battle of Crannon--surrender of Athens--death of Demosthenes--end of the Lamian War

645

(4)

Different ideas of freedom--statesmanship in the fourth century--ideals of Demosthenes--eclipse of Greek freedom

649

(3)

APPENDIXES

1. Short Bibliography of the Archaeological Evidence for Book I

652

(1)

2. Chronology in the Thirteenth and Twelfth Centuries

653

(4)

3. List of Colonies from the Eighth to the Sixth Century

657

(4)

4. The Date of the Earliest Coinages

661

(1)

5. Date of the Attack on Plataea in 431

662

(1)

6. Army Strengths of Sparta, Boeotia, and Athens in the Fourth Century

663

(2)

7. The Chronology of 370--362

665

(1)

8. Battles of Issus and Gaugamela, and Greek Mercenaries in Persian Service

666

(1)

9. Three Royal Tombs at Aegae

667

(2)

Index

669

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A History of Greece to 322 B.C.

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A History of Greece to 322 B.C.

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