A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (vol. 1) The Persian Period (539-331BCE)

, by Grabbe, Lester L.

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Summary

Supplemental Materials

In the first of four volumes on A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Sec

Preface

xiii

Abbreviations

xvi

Map: The Province of Yehud (Borders Reconstructed)

xxi

Part I INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION: PRINCIPLES AND METHOD

(20)

1.1. Aims

(1)

1.2. Principles of Historical Method: The Current Debate among Historians

(8)

1.2.1. Writing History from the Ancient Greeks to the 1960's

(2)

1.2.2. The Past 40 Years: The 'Linguistic Turn' and the New Historicism

(5)

1.3. Principles of Historical Method: The Current Debate among Biblical Scholars

(2)

1.4. Principles of Historical Method: Those Assumed in this Book

(3)

1.5. Writing a History of the Persian Period

(3)

1.5.1. Problems Peculiar to Persian Yehud

(1)

1.5.2. Plan of the Present Book

(1)

1.5.3. Modern Secondary Studies

(1)

1.6. Terminology and Other Technical Matters

(3)

Part II SOURCES

Chapter 2 ARCHAEOLOGY: UNWRITTEN MATERIAL

(32)

2.1. Judah

(8)

2.1.1. Individual Sites

(5)

2.1.2. Surveys and Synthesis

(3)

2.2. Samaria

(4)

2.2.1. Individual Sites

(2)

2.2.2. Surveys and Synthesis

(2)

2.3. Phoenicia and the Coast (including the Shephelah)

(9)

2.3.1. Individual Sites

(7)

2.3.2. Surveys and Synthesis

(2)

2.4. Idumaea and Arabia (including Transjordan)

(11)

2.4.1. Individual Sites

(6)

2.4.2. Surveys and Synthesis

(5)

Chapter 3 ARCHAEOLOGY: WRITTEN MATERIAL

(16)

3.1. Aramaic Papyri and Ostraca from Egypt

(1)

3.2. Inscriptions, Ostraca, and Papyri from Palestine

(8)

3.2.1. Wadi Daliyeh Papyri and Seals

(3)

3.2.2. Ostraca and Inscriptions from Palestine

(2)

3.2.3. Seals and Seal Impressions from Palestine

(3)

3.3. Phoenician Texts

(1)

3.4. Coins

(6)

3.4.1. Yehud

(3)

3.4.2. Samaria

(1)

3.4.3. Phoenicia and the Coast

(2)

Chapter 4 BIBLICAL WRITINGS

(37)

4.1. Ezra and Nehemiah

(15)

4.1.1. Structure and Theology

(2)

4.1.2. Three (Four?) Foundation Legends

(2)

4.1.3. Sources in Ezra—Nehemiah

(7)

4.1.4. 1 Esdras

(2)

4.2. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi

(5)

4.2.1. Haggai

(1)

4.2.2. Zechariah

(2)

4.2.3. Malachi

(1)

4.3. Other Prophetic Writings

(7)

4.3.1. The Isaiah Tradition

(4)

4.3.2. Joel

(1)

4.3.3. Jonah

(1)

4.3.4. Ezekiel

(1)

4.4. The Books of Chronicles

(2)

4.5. The P Document

(2)

4.6. The Writings

101

(6)

4.6.1. Proverbs

101

(1)

4.6.2. Job

102

(2)

4.6.3. Esther

104

(1)

4.6.4. Ruth

105

(1)

4.6.5. Song of Songs

105

(2)

Chapter 5 PERSIAN, MESOPOTAMIAN, AND EGYPTIAN SOURCES

107

(11)

5.1. Aramaic Inscriptions and Papyri

107

(2)

5.2. Old Persian Sources

109

(1)

5.3. The Elamite Texts from Persepolis

110

(1)

5.4. Babylonian Sources

110

(2)

5.4.1. The Babylonian Chronicles

111

(1)

5.4.2. The Cyrus Cylinder

111

(1)

5.4.3. The Muragu Documents

112

(1)

5.4.4. Berossus

112

(1)

5.5. Egyptian Texts

112

(4)

5.5.1. Udjahorresnet

113

(1)

5.5.2. Pherendates Correspondence

113

(2)

5.5.3. Cambyses Decree on the Reverse of the Demotic Chronicle

115

(1)

5.5.4. The Susa Statue of Darius

115

(1)

5.6. The Gadatas Inscription

116

(2)

Chapter 6 GREEK AND LATIN SOURCES

118

(14)

6.1. General Introduction

118

(2)

6.2. Herodotus

120

(2)

6.3. Thucydides

122

(1)

6.4. Oxyrhynchus Historian

123

(1)

6.5. Ctesias

124

(1)

6.6. Xenophon

124

(1)

6.7. Ephorus

125

(1)

6.8. Diodorus Siculus

126

(1)

6.9. Pompeius Trogus

126

(1)

6.10. Plutarch

126

(1)

6.11. Pseudo-Scylax

127

(1)

6.12. Strabo

127

(1)

6.13. Pliny the Elder

127

(1)

6.14. The Oeconomica of Pseudo-Aristotle

127

(1)

6.15. Athenaeus

128

(1)

6.16. Cornelius Nepos

128

(1)

6.17. The Alexander Historians

128

(1)

6.18. Josephus

129

(3)

Part III SOCIETY AND INSTITUTIONS

Chapter 7 ADMINISTRATION

132

(35)

7.1. Organization and Administration of the Persian Empire: An Overview

132

(2)

7.2. The Province of Yehud

134

(21)

7.2.1. Extent and Status of the Jewish State

134

(6)

7.2.2. Was Judah under the Jurisdiction of Samaria?

140

(2)

7.2.3. Governmental Structure of Judah

142

(6)

7.2.4. Governors of Yehud

148

(2)

7.2.5. Other Provincial Structures and Officials

150

(1)

7.2.6. Scribes, Language, and Literacy

151

(3)

7.2.7. Conclusions with Regard to the Province of Yehud

154

(1)

7.3. The Neighbours of Yehud

155

(12)

7.3.1. Samaria

155

(4)

7.3.2. Phoenicia and the Coast (including the Shephelah)

159

(3)

7.3.3. Idumaea and Arabia (including Transjordan)

162

(5)

Chapter 8 SOCIETY AND DAILY LIVING

167

(22)

8.1. Jewish Identity and Joining the Community

167

(5)

8.2. Social Classes

172

(1)

8.3. The Legal Sphere

173

(10)

8.4. Women, Marriage, and Sexuality

183

(2)

8.5. The Calendar and Chronology

185

(4)

Chapter 9 ECONOMY

189

(20)

9.1. General Comments on the Ancient Economy

189

(5)

9.1.1. Difficulties of Socio-Economic Studies on Ancient History

190

(1)

9.1.2. The Understanding of Economic Theory in Antiquity

190

(1)

9.1.3. Interests of Imperial Powers

190

(1)

9.1.4. Agriculture vs. Commerce

191

(1)

9.1.5. The 'Asiatic Mode of Production'

191

(1)

9.1.6. Dependent Labour

192

(1)

9.1.7. Wealth, Poverty, and the Tax Burden

193

(1)

9.2. The Persian Empire in General

194

(3)

9.3. The Economy of Yehud

197

(12)

9.3.1. Geographical Context of Yehud

197

(2)

9.3.2. Demography of Yehud

199

(3)

9.3.3. The Province of Yehud

202

(7)

Chapter 10 RELIGION I: TEMPLE, CULT, AND PRACTICE

209

(29)

10.1. The Persian Government and Religion

209

(7)

10.1.1. Documents from Elephantine

210

(2)

10.1.2. Other Inscriptions from Egypt and Asia Minor

212

(2)

10.1.3. Persepolis Tablets

214

(1)

10.1.4. Conclusions about Persian Policy on Religion

215

(1)

10.2. The Temple and the Cult

216

(8)

10.2.1. The Physical Temple

216

(2)

10.2.2. The Sacrificial Cult

218

(2)

10.2.3. The Cultic Year and Other Celebrations

220

(3)

10.2.4. Music and Singing

223

(1)

10.3. The Priests and Other Cult Personnel

224

(11)

10.3.1. Priestly Divisions

225

(5)

10.3.2. The High Priest of the Achaemenid Period

230

(4)

10.3.3. A Sanhedrin?

234

(1)

10.4. Financial Support for the Temple

235

(1)

10.5. Prayer and the Question of the Synagogue

236

(2)

Chapter 11 RELIGION II: LAW, SCRIPTURE, AND BELIEF

238

(25)

11.1. The Development of 'Scripture'

238

(1)

11.2. Scriptural Interpretation

238

(1)

11.3. Beliefs

239

(11)

11.3.1. Deity

240

(3)

11.3.2. The Spirit World

243

(1)

11.3.3. Land, Exile, and Return

244

(2)

11.3.4. Covenant

246

(1)

11.3.5. Remnant

246

(1)

11.3.6. Concept of Israel

247

(1)

11.3.7. Theodicy

247

(1)

11.3.8. Eschatology

247

(3)

11.4. Prophecy and Apocalypticism

250

(2)

11.5. 'Popular Religion'

252

(2)

11.6. Magic and the Esoteric Arts

254

(2)

11.7. The Question of Sectarianism

256

(7)

11.7.1. Morton Smith

257

(1)

11.7.2. O. Plöger and P.D. Hanson

258

(1)

11.7.3. Other Theories of Persian-Period Sects

259

(1)

11.7.4. Analysis of the Theories on Sectarianism

259

(4)

Part IV HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS

Chapter 12 THE EARLY PERSIAN PERIOD

263

(27)

12.1. Background

263

(2)

12.1.1. Geography and Environment

263

(1)

12.1.2. History of Judah before the Persian Period

264

(1)

12.2. Persian Rulers

265

(4)

12.2.1. Cyrus the Great

265

(2)

12.2.2. Cambyses

267

(1)

12.2.3. Darius I

268

(1)

12.3. Sources and Reliability

269

(2)

12.4. The Initial Return

271

(6)

12.4.1. An Edict of Cyrus and a Mass Return?

271

(5)

12.4.2. Sheshbazzar

276

(1)

12.5. Joshua and Zerubbabel

277

(8)

12.5.1. Different Stories of Return and Temple Foundation

278

(1)

12.5.2. Leadership in the Yehud Community

279

(3)

12.5.3. The Building and Completion of the Temple

282

(3)

12.6. Original Peoples vs. Returnees

285

(3)

12.7. Remaining Events in the Late Sixth and Early Fifth Centuries BCE

288

(2)

Chapter 13 THE FIFTH CENTURY BCE

290

(32)

13.1. Persian Rulers

290

(2)

13.1.1. Xerxes I

290

(1)

13.1.2. Artaxerxes I

291

(1)

13.1.3. Darius II Ochus

291

(1)

13.2. Destruction of Jerusalem Between Zerubbabel and Nehemiah?

292

(2)

13.3. Nehemiah

294

(16)

13.3.1. Sources and Credibility

294

(1)

13.3.2. Nehemiah's Commission

295

(3)

13.3.3. Opposition to Nehemiah

298

(3)

13.3.4. Building of the Wall

301

(1)

13.3.5. The Fiscal Crisis

302

(2)

13.3.6. The Remainder of Nehemiah's Governorship

304

(1)

13.3.7. Nehemiah as Reformer

305

(3)

13.3.8. Evaluation of Nehemiah

308

(2)

13.4. Alternative Views to those of Nehemiah

310

(3)

13.5. The Issue of Marriage with 'Foreign Wives'

313

(3)

13.6. Diaspora Jewish Communities

316

(3)

13.6.1. Jews in Babylonia

317

(1)

13.6.2. The Elephantine Jewish Community

318

(1)

13.7. The Episode of Johanan and Jeshua in the Temple

319

(3)

Chapter 14 THE FOURTH CENTURY BCE

322

(29)

14.1. Persian Rulers

322

(2)

14.1.1. Artaxerxes II Memnon

322

(1)

14.1.2. Artaxerxes III Ochus

323

(1)

14.1.3. Arses

324

(1)

14.1.4. Darius III Codommanus

324

(1)

14.2. The Ezra Tradition

324

(7)

14.2.1. Sources and Reliability

324

(1)

14.2.2. A Close Reading of Ezra 7-10

325

(4)

14.2.3. Conclusions about the Gestalt of Ezra the Scribe

329

(2)

14.3. The Development of the Law and 'Scripture' in the Persian Period

331

(13)

14.3.1. Ezra–Nehemiah

332

(5)

14.3.2. Ben Sira

337

(4)

14.3.3. Hecataeus of Abdera

341

(1)

14.3.4. Conclusions

341

(3)

14.4. Other Religious and Literary Developments

344

(2)

14.4.1. The Enoch Tradition

344

(1)

14.4.2. Different Ways of Thinking: Job and the Song of Songs

345

(1)

14.4.3. The Beginnings of the Jewish Novel

346

(1)

14.5. The So-Called Revolt of the Satraps and the Tennes Rebellion

346

(3)

14.6. The Last Part of Persian Rule

349

(2)

Part V CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 15 A HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE: WHAT WE KNOW, WHAT WE CAN GUESS, AND WHERE OUR IGNORANCE IS

351

(10)

15.1. Where Does Our Knowledge Come From?

351

(2)

15.2. The Physical and Historical Context

353

(2)

15.3. A Province in the Persian Empire

355

(1)

15.4. Reformers or Bigots?

356

(2)

15.5. The Final Century of Persian Rule

358

(1)

15.6. The Real Importance of the Persian Period for Judaism

359

(2)

Appendix: THE QUESTION OF PERSIAN INFLUENCE ON JEWISH RELIGION AND THOUGHT

361

(4)

Bibliography

365

(70)

Index of References

435

(17)

Index of Authors

452

(10)

Index of Subjects

462

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A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (vol. 1) The Persian Period (539-331BCE)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (vol. 1) The Persian Period (539-331BCE)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Digital License