A History of Modern Psychology
, by Goodwin, C. James
- ISBN: 9781118833759 | 1118833759
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 10/15/2014
The enhanced 5th Edition of Goodwin's series, A History of Modern Psychology, explores the modern history of psychology including the fundamental bases of psychology and psychology's advancements in the 20th century.
Goodwin's 5th Edition focuses on the reduction of biographical information with an emphasis on more substantial information including ideas and concepts and on ideas/research contributions.
C. James Goodwin is an emeritus professor at Wheeling Jesuit University, where he taught for 30 years before taking an early retirement. He is currently residing in the mountains of North Carolina and is Professor of Psychology at Western Carolina University. He earned a Bachelor's degree from the College of the Holy Cross and a Master's and PhD in experimental psychology from Florida State University, specializing in memory and cognition. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association in Divisions 2 (teaching) and 26 (history). His research interests on the empirical side are in the area of cognitive mapping, wayfinding, and spatial cognition, but his prime interest is in the early history of experimental psychology in the United States. He is the author of two undergraduate textbooks, one in research methods (Research in Psychology: Methods and Design) and one in the history of psychology (A History of Modern Psychology)
Preface ix
Chapter 1 Introducing Psychology’s History 1
Why Take This Course? 2
Why Study History? 2
Why Study Psychology’s History? 4
Key Issues in Psychology’s History 6
Presentism versus Historicism 7
Internal versus External History 9
Personalistic versus Naturalistic History 10
Close-Up: Edwin G. Boring (1886–1968) 10
This Book’s Point of View 13
Historiography: Doing and Writing History 13
Sources of Historical Data 14
From the Miles Papers: Miles Meets His Academic Grandfather 16
Problems with the Writing of History 17
Approaching Historical Truth 20
Summary 21
Study Questions 22
Chapter 2 The Philosophical Context 24
A Long Past 25
René Descartes (1596–1650): The Beginnings of Modern Philosophy and Science 25
Descartes and the Rationalist Argument 27
The British Empiricist Argument and the Associationists 32
John Locke (1632–1704): The Origins of British Empiricism 32
George Berkeley (1685–1753): Empiricism Applied to Vision 35
British Associationism 37
Close-Up: Raising a Philosopher 41
John Stuart Mill (1806–1873): On the Verge of Psychological Science 42
Rationalist Responses to Empiricism 45
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) 45
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) 46
In Perspective: Philosophical Foundations 47
Summary 48
Study Questions 49
Chapter 3 The Scientific Context 50
Heroic Science in the Age of Enlightenment 51
Functioning of the Nervous System 52
Reflex Action 53
The Bell–Magendie Law 54
The Specific Energies of Nerves 56
Helmholtz: The Physiologist’s Physiologist 57
Localization of Brain Function 62
The Phrenology of Gall and Spurzheim 62
Close-Up: The Marketing of Phrenology 65
Flourens and the Method of Ablation 68
The Clinical Method 69
Mapping the Brain: Electrical Stimulation 73
Nervous System Structure 74
Neuron Theory 74
Sir Charles Sherrington: The Synapse 76
From the Miles Papers: Miles Visits Sherrington in Oxford 77
In Perspective: The Nervous System and Behavior 78
Summary 78
Study Questions 79
Chapter 4 Wundt and German Psychology 81
An Education in Germany 82
On the Threshold of Experimental Psychology: Psychophysics 83
Johann Herbart (1776–1841) 84
Ernst Weber (1795–1878) 85
Gustav Fechner (1801–1889) 86
Fechner’s Elements of Psychophysics 87
Wundt Establishes a New Psychology at Leipzig 88
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920): Creating a New Science 88
Wundt’s Conception of the New Psychology 90
Inside Wundt’s Laboratory 92
Close-Up: An American in Leipzig 95
Rewriting History: The New and Improved Wilhelm Wundt 96
The Wundtian Legacy 98
The New Psychology Spreads 99
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909): The Experimental Study of Memory 99
G. E. Müller (1850–1934): The Experimentalist Prototype 103
Oswald Külpe (1862–1915): The Würzburg School 104
In Perspective: A New Science 107
Summary 107
Study Questions 108
Chapter 5 Darwin’s Century: Evolutionary Thinking 110
The Species Problem 111
Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and the Theory of Evolution 112
The Shaping of a Naturalist 112
The Voyage of the Beagle 114
The Evolution of Darwin’s Theory 116
Darwin and Psychology’s History 122
The Origins of Comparative Psychology 123
Darwin on the Evolution of Emotional Expressions 123
Close-Up: Douglas Spalding and the Experimental Study of Instinct 125
George Romanes (1848–1894) and the Anecdotal Method 126
Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852–1936) and his “Canon” 128
Comparative Psychology in America 130
Studying Individual Differences 130
Francis Galton (1822–1911): Jack of All Sciences 130
In Perspective: Darwin’s Century 136
Summary 136
Study Questions 137
Chapter 6 American Pioneers 139
Psychology in 19th-Century America 140
Faculty Psychology 140
The Modern University 141
William James (1842–1910): The First of the “New” Psychologists in America 146
The Formative Years 147
A Life at Harvard 147
Creating American Psychology’s Most Famous Textbook 149
James’s Later Years 153
Summing Up William James 154
G. Stanley Hall (1844–1924): Professionalizing the New Psychology 154
Hall’s Early Life and Education 155
From Johns Hopkins to Clark 156
Psychology at Clark 157
Close-Up: Creating Maze Learning 158
From the Miles Papers: Miles and the Invention of the Stylus Maze 163
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930): Challenging the Male Monopoly 164
Calkins’s Life and Work 164
Other Women Pioneers: Untold Lives 167
Other Pioneers: Ladd and Baldwin 169
George Trumbull Ladd (1842–1921) 169
James Mark Baldwin (1861–1934) 170
In Perspective: The New Psychology at the Millennium 171
Summary 172
Study Questions 173
Chapter 7 Structuralism and Functionalism 175
Titchener’s Psychology: Structuralism 176
From Oxford to Leipzig to Cornell 176
Promoting Experimental Psychology at Cornell 177
Titchener’s Structuralist System 182
Close-Up: The Introspective Habit 183
Evaluating Titchener’s Contributions to Psychology 185
From the Miles Papers: Miles and the Carlisle Conference 186
America’s Psychology: Functionalism 187
The Chicago Functionalists 189
The Columbia Functionalists 194
In Perspective: Structuralism and Functionalism 204
Summary 205
Study Questions 206
Chapter 8 Applying the New Psychology 208
The Desire for Application 209
From the Miles Papers: Miles and Stanford Football 210
The Mental Testing Movement 212
Alfred Binet (1857–1911): The Birth of Modern Intelligence Testing 212
Henry H. Goddard (1866–1957): Binet’s Test Comes to America 215
Lewis M. Terman (1877–1956): Institutionalizing IQ 221
Close-Up: Leta Hollingworth: Advocating for Gifted Children and Debunking Myths about Women 224
Robert M. Yerkes (1876–1956): The Army Testing Program 226
The Controversy over Intelligence 230
Applying Psychology to Business 232
Hugo Münsterberg (1863–1916): The Diversity of Applied Psychology 233
Other Leading Industrial Psychologists in America 237
Applied Psychology in Europe—Psychotechnics 240
In Perspective: Applied Psychology 241
Summary 242
Study Questions 243
Chapter 9 Gestalt Psychology 244
The Origins and Early Development of Gestalt Psychology 245
Max Wertheimer (1880–1943): Founding Gestalt Psychology 247
Koffka (1886–1941) and Köhler (1887–1967): Cofounders 249
Close-Up: A Case of Espionage? 251
Gestalt Psychology and Perception 252
Principles of Perceptual Organization 253
Behavioral versus Geographic Environments 255
The Gestalt Approach to Cognition and Learning 255
Köhler on Insight in Apes 256
Wertheimer on Productive Thinking 257
Other Gestalt Research on Cognition 258
Kurt Lewin (1890–1947): Expanding the Gestalt Vision 260
Early Life and Career 260
From the Miles Papers: Miles Learns about the Nazi Version of Academic Freedom 261
Field Theory 262
The Zeigarnik Effect 264
Lewin as Developmental Psychologist 264
Lewin as Social Psychologist 266
Evaluating Lewin 268
In Perspective: Gestalt Psychology in America 268
Summary 269
Study Questions 271
Chapter 10 The Origins of Behaviorism 272
Behaviorism’s Antecedents 273
Pavlov’s Life and Work 274
The Development of a Physiologist 275
Working in Pavlov’s Laboratory—The Physiology Factory 275
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Research 277
Pavlov and the Soviets 280
Pavlov and the Americans 282
Close-Up: Misportraying Pavlov’s Apparatus 283
From the Miles Papers: Miles Meets Pavlov 284
John B. Watson and the Founding of Behaviorism 285
The Young Functionalist at Chicago 285
Opportunity Knocks at Johns Hopkins 288
A New Life in Advertising 295
Popularizing Behaviorism 296
Evaluating Watsonian Behaviorism 297
In Perspective: Behaviorism’s Origins 299
Summary 299
Study Questions 300
Chapter 11 The Evolution of Behaviorism 302
Post-Watsonian Behaviorism 303
Logical Positivism and Operationism 304
Neobehaviorism 306
Edwin R. Guthrie (1886–1959): Contiguity, Contiguity, Contiguity 307
One-Trial Learning 308
Evaluating Guthrie 309
Edward C. Tolman (1886–1959): A Purposive Behaviorism 310
Tolman’s System 311
From the Miles Papers: Miles and the Old Boys Network 314
Tolman’s Research Program 314
Evaluating Tolman 317
Clark Hull (1884–1952): A Hypothetico-Deductive System 319
Hull’s System 321
Evaluating Hull 323
B. F. Skinner (1904–1990): A Radical Behaviorism 325
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior 326
Skinner and Theory 329
A Technology of Behavior 331
Close-Up: The IQ Zoo and the “Misbehavior of Organisms” 332
Evaluating Skinner 334
In Perspective: Neobehaviorism 335
Summary 336
Study Questions 337
Chapter 12 Mental Illness and its Treatment 339
Early Treatment of the Mentally Ill 340
“Enlightened” Reform: Pinel, Tuke, Rush 340
The 19th-Century Asylum Movement 342
Reforming Asylums: Dix and Beers 345
Close-Up: Diagnosing Mental Illness 346
Mesmerism and Hypnosis 347
Mesmerism and Animal Magnetism 348
From Mesmerism to Hypnosis 349
The Hypnotism Controversies 350
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): Founding Psychoanalysis 352
Early Life and Education 352
Creating Psychoanalysis 356
The Evolution of Psychoanalytic Theory 358
Freud’s Followers: Loyalty and Dissent 360
Psychoanalysis in America 361
Evaluating Freud 362
In Perspective: Treating Mental Illness 364
Summary 364
Study Questions 366
Chapter 13 Psychology’s Practitioners 367
The Medical Approach to Mental Illness 368
A Shock to the System: Fever, Insulin, Metrazol, and Electricity 369
Close-Up: Shell Shock 370
No Reversal: Lobotomy, Transorbital and Otherwise 371
Clinical Psychology before World War II 373
Lightner Witmer (1867–1956): Creating Psychology’s First Clinic 374
Clinical Psychology Between the World Wars 376
The Emergence of Modern Clinical Psychology 377
The Boulder Model 378
The Eysenck Study: Problems for Psychotherapy 379
Behavior Therapy 380
The Humanistic Approach to Psychotherapy 381
The Vail Conference and the PsyD Degree 385
Psychology and the World of Business and Industry 387
The Hawthorne Studies 389
In Perspective: Psychology’s Practitioners 391
Summary 392
Study Questions 393
Chapter 14 Psychology’s Researchers 395
Cognitive Psychology Arrives (Again) 396
The Roots of Modern Cognitive Psychology 396
Jean Piaget (1896–1980): A Genetic Epistemology 396
Frederick C. Bartlett (1886–1969): Constructing Memory 398
A Convergence of Influences 400
Close-Up: What Revolution? 403
Magical Numbers, Selective Filters, and TOTE Units 404
Neisser and the “Naming” of Cognitive Psychology 407
The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology 408
Evaluating Cognitive Psychology 410
Other Research Areas 410
The Brain and Behavior 411
From the Miles Papers: Miles Visits Lashley 413
The Psychology of Perception 415
Social Psychology 418
Personality Psychology 423
In Perspective: Psychology’s Researchers 426
Summary 427
Study Questions 428
Chapter 15 Psychology in the 21st Century 429
Researchers and Practitioners 429
The Growth and Diversity of Psychology 430
Women in Psychology’s History 431
Minorities in Psychology’s History 432
Trends in Modern Psychology 433
The Future: Psychology or Psychologies? 434
Summary 436
Study Questions 437
References 439
Glossary 469
Index 481
Timelines 495
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