HOLT HANDBOOK 5E

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ISBN: 9780155079045 | 0155079042
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/30/1998

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Reference designed to help with constructing a well written document, or essay. Presents the tools needed for the effective use of words & general information on the correct use of punctuation & sentence structure.

PART 1 COMPOSING AN ESSAY

(142)

Planning an Essay

(17)

Understanding the Writing Process

(1)

Thinking about Writing

(6)

Determining Your Purpose

(2)

Identifying Your Audience

(1)

Setting Your Tone

(2)

Getting Started

(10)

Choosing a Topic

(3)

Finding Something to Say

(6)

Shaping Your Material

(14)

Grouping Ideas: Making a Topic Tree

(1)

Developing a Thesis

(10)

Understanding Thesis and Support

(1)

Defining an Effective Thesis Statement

(4)

Stating Your Thesis

(1)

Revising Your Thesis Statement

(1)

Using a Thesis Statement to Shape Your Essay

(4)

Preparing an Informal Outline

(3)

Writing and Revising

(18)

Writing a Rough Draft

(2)

Understanding Drafting

(1)

Developing Drafting Strategies

(2)

Revising Your Drafts

(5)

Understanding Revision

(1)

Moving from Rough to Final Draft

(4)

Using Revision Strategies

(11)

Doing Collaborative Revision

(1)

Using Instructors' Comments

(2)

Making a Formal Outline

(4)

Using Checklists

(4)

Writer's Notebook: Composing an Essay

(27)

Planning an Essay

(6)

Choosing a Topic

(1)

Finding Something to Say

(5)

Shaping Your Material

(2)

Grouping Ideas: Making a Topic Tree

(1)

Developing a Thesis

(1)

Preparing an Informal Outline

(1)

Writing and Revising

(19)

Writing a Rough Draft

(2)

Revising the Rough Draft

(4)

Writing a Second Draft

(4)

Revising the Second Draft

(3)

Preparing a Final Draft

(6)

Essay Patterns and Purposes

(29)

Writing Narrative Essays

(3)

Using Narration

(1)

Student Essay: Narration

(3)

Writing Descriptive Essays

(4)

Using Description

(1)

Student Essay: Description

(3)

Writing Exemplification Essays

(4)

Using Exemplification

(1)

Student Essay: Exemplification

(3)

Writing Process Essays

(2)

Using Process

(1)

Student Essay: Process

(2)

Writing Cause-and-Effect Essays

(4)

Using Cause and Effect

(1)

Student Essay: Cause and Effect

(3)

Writing Comparison-and-Contrast Essays

(3)

Using Comparison and Contrast

(1)

Student Essay: Comparison and Contrast

(3)

Writing Division-and-Classification Essays

100

(3)

Using Division and Classification

100

(1)

Student Essay: Division and Classification

101

(2)

Writing Definition Essays

103

(5)

Using Definition

104

(1)

Student Essay: Definition

104

(4)

Writing Paragraphs

108

(35)

Charting Paragraph Structure

109

(1)

Writing Unified Paragraphs

110

(4)

Using Topic Sentences

110

(2)

Revising for Unity

112

(2)

Writing Coherent Paragraphs

114

(9)

Arranging Details

115

(2)

Using Transitional Words and Phrases

117

(2)

Using Pronouns

119

(1)

Using Parallel Structure

119

(1)

Using Key Words and Phrases

119

(1)

Achieving Coherence between Paragraphs

120

(3)

Writing Well-Developed Paragraphs

123

(4)

Testing for Adequate Development

123

(1)

Adding Support

124

(3)

Patterns of Paragraph Development

127

(7)

Narration

127

(1)

Description

128

(1)

Exemplification

128

(1)

Process

129

(1)

Cause and Effect

130

(1)

Comparison and Contrast

131

(1)

Division and Classification

132

(1)

Definition

133

(1)

Writing Special Kinds of Paragraphs

134

(9)

Transitional Paragraphs

135

(1)

Introductory Paragraphs

135

(3)

Concluding Paragraphs

138

(1)

Student Writer at Work: Writing Body Paragraphs

139

(4)

PART 2 THINKING CRITICALLY

143

(70)

Reading Critically and Writing Critical Responses

145

(26)

Reading Actively

146

(4)

Previewing

146

(1)

Highlighting

146

(4)

Reading Critically

150

(8)

Distinguishing Fact from Opinion

150

(1)

Evaluating Supporting Evidence

151

(3)

Detecting Bias

154

(1)

Recognizing Faulty Reasoning

155

(1)

Recognizing Logical Fallacies

155

(1)

Recognizing Unfair Appeals

155

(3)

Annotating the Text

158

(6)

Writing a Critical Response

164

(7)

Thinking Logically

171

(21)

Reasoning Inductively

171

(5)

Moving from Observations to Conclusion

171

(1)

Making Inferences

172

(4)

Reasoning Deductively

176

(7)

Constructing Valid Syllogisms

176

(3)

Recognizing Enthymemes

179

(1)

Using Toulmin Logic

180

(3)

Recognizing Logical Fallacies

183

(9)

Hasty Generalization

184

(1)

Sweeping Generalization

184

(1)

Equivocation

184

(1)

The Either/Or Fallacy

185

(1)

The post hoc Fallacy (post hoc, ergo propter hoc)

185

(1)

Begging the Question

185

(1)

False Analogy

186

(1)

Red Herring

186

(1)

Argument to Ignorance (argumentum ad ignorantiam)

186

(1)

The Bandwagon Fallacy

187

(1)

Skewed Sample

187

(1)

You Also (tu quoque)

187

(1)

Argument to the Person (ad hominem)

187

(1)

Argument to the People (ad populum)

188

(4)

Writing an Argumentative Essay

192

(21)

Planning an Argumentative Essay

192

(9)

Choosing a Debatable Topic

192

(1)

Developing an Argumentative Thesis

193

(1)

Defining Your Terms

194

(1)

Considering Your Audience

195

(1)

Refuting Opposing Arguments

195

(1)

Presenting Support

196

(1)

Establishing Credibility

197

(2)

Being Fair

199

(2)

Organizing an Argumentative Essay

201

(1)

Writing and Revising an Argumentative Essay

202

(11)

Writing an Argumentative Essay

202

(6)

Revising an Argumentative Essay

208

(2)

Student Writer at Work: Writing an Argumentative Essay

210

(3)

PART 3 COMPOSING SENTENCES

213

(64)

Building Simple Sentences

215

(17)

Constructing Simple Sentences

215

(3)

Subject + Intransitive Verb (s + v)

215

(1)

Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object (s + v + do)

216

(1)

Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement (s + v + do + oc)

216

(1)

Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement (s + v + sc)

216

(1)

Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object (s + v + io + do)

216

(2)

Identifying Phrases and Clauses

218

(3)

Identifying Phrases

218

(1)

Identifying Clauses

219

(2)

Expanding Simple Sentences

221

(11)

Expanding Simple Sentences with Adjectives and Adverbs

221

(2)

Expanding Simple Sentences with Nouns and Verbals

223

(1)

Expanding Simple Sentences with Prepositional Phrases

224

(2)

Expanding Simple Sentences with Verbal Phrases

226

(2)

Expanding Simple Sentences with Absolute Phrases

228

(1)

Expanding Simple Sentences with Appositives

228

(2)

Expanding Simple Sentences with Compound Constructions

230

(2)

Building Compound and Complex Sentences

232

(8)

Building Compound Sentences

232

(3)

Using Coordinating Conjunctions

232

(1)

Using Transitional Words and Phrases

233

(1)

Using Correlative Conjunctions

233

(1)

Using Semicolons

233

(1)

Using Colons

233

(2)

Building Complex Sentences

235

(3)

Building Compound-Complex Sentences

238

(2)

Student Writer at Work: Building Sentences

239

(1)

Writing Emphatic Sentences

240

(13)

Conveying Emphasis through Word Order

240

(3)

Beginning with Important Ideas

240

(1)

Ending with Important Ideas

241

(2)

Experimenting with Word Order

243

(1)

Conveying Emphasis through Sentence Structure

243

(4)

Using Cumulative Sentences

244

(1)

Using Periodic Sentences

244

(3)

Conveying Emphasis through Parallelism and Balance

247

(1)

Conveying Emphasis through Repetition

248

(1)

Conveying Emphasis through Active Voice

249

(4)

Student Writer at Work: Writing Emphatic Sentences

250

(3)

Writing Concise Sentences

253

(11)

Eliminating Nonessential Words

253

(4)

Deleting Deadwood

253

(1)

Deleting or Replacing Utility Words

254

(1)

Avoiding Circumlocution

255

(2)

Eliminating Unnecessary Repetition

257

(2)

Deleting Repeated Words

257

(1)

Substituting a Pronoun

257

(1)

Using Elliptical Clauses

257

(1)

Creating Appositives

257

(1)

Creating Compounds

258

(1)

Creating Complex Sentences

258

(1)

Revising Rambling Sentences

259

(5)

Eliminating Excessive Coordination

259

(1)

Eliminating Adjective Clauses

259

(1)

Eliminating Passive Constructions

260

(1)

Eliminating Wordy Prepositional Phrases

260

(1)

Eliminating Wordy Noun Constructions

260

(2)

Student Writer at Work: Writing Concise Sentences

262

(2)

Writing Varied Sentences

264

(13)

Varying Sentence Length

264

(1)

Mixing Long and Short Sentences

264

(1)

Following a Long Sentence with a Short One

264

(1)

Combining Choppy Simple Sentences

265

(2)

Using Coordination

266

(1)

Using Subordination

266

(1)

Using Embedding

266

(1)

Breaking Up Strings of Compound Sentences

267

(2)

Varying Sentence Types

269

(1)

Varying Sentence Openings

270

(2)

Beginning with an Adjective, Adverb, or Dependent Clause

270

(1)

Beginning with a Prepositional Phrase, Participial Phrase, or Absolute Phrase

270

(1)

Beginning with a Coordinating Conjunction or a Transitional Word or Phrase

271

(1)

Beginning with an Appositive

271

(1)

Varying Standard Word Order

272

(5)

Inverting Word Order

272

(1)

Separating Subject from Verb

272

(1)

Student Writer at Work: Writing Varied Sentences

273

(4)

PART 4 SOLVING COMMON SENTENCE PROBLEMS

277

(56)

Revising Sentence Fragments

279

(12)

Revising Dependent Clauses

281

(1)

Revising Phrases

282

(5)

Prepositional Phrases

282

(1)

Verbal Phrases

283

(2)

Appositives

285

(2)

Revising Compounds

287

(4)

Student Writer at Work: Revising Sentence Fragments

262

(29)

Revising Comma Splices and Fused Sentences

291

(9)

Revising with Periods

292

(1)

Revising with Semicolons

292

(2)

Revising with Coordinating Conjunctions

294

(1)

Revising with Subordinating Conjunctions or Relative Pronouns

294

(6)

Student Writer at Work: Revising Comma Splices and Fused Sentences

298

(2)

Revising Faulty Modification

300

(12)

Revising Misplaced Modifiers

300

(7)

Placing Modifying Words with Care

301

(1)

Relocating Misplaced Phrases

302

(2)

Revising Misplaced Dependent Clauses

304

(1)

Revising Intrusive Modifiers

305

(2)

Revising Dangling Modifiers

307

(5)

Creating a New Subject

308

(1)

Creating a Dependent Clause

308

(2)

Student Writer at Work: Revising Faulty Modification

310

(2)

Revising Faulty Parallelism

312

(8)

Using Parallelism

312

(3)

With Items in a Series

312

(1)

With Paired Items

312

(1)

In Lists and Outlines

313

(2)

Revising Faulty Parallelism

315

(5)

Using Parallel Elements

315

(1)

Repeating Signals of Parallelism

316

(1)

Repeating Relative Pronouns

316

(1)

Student Writer at Work: Revising Faulty Parallelism

317

(3)

Revising Awkward or Confusing Sentences

320

(13)

Shifts in Tense

320

(1)

Shifts in Voice

321

(1)

Shifts in Mood

322

(1)

Shifts in Person and Number

322

(2)

Shifts from Direct to Indirect Discourse

324

(2)

Mixed Constructions

326

(1)

Faulty Predication

327

(2)

Incorrect Use of Be

327

(1)

Intervening Words

327

(1)

Is When or Is Where

328

(1)

The Reason ... Is Because

328

(1)

Faulty Appositive

328

(1)

Incomplete or Illogical Comparisons

329

(4)

Student Writer at Work: Revising Awkward or Confusing Sentences

330

(3)

PART 5 USING WORDS EFFECTIVELY

333

(50)

Choosing Words

335

(20)

Choosing an Appropriate Level of Diction

335

(3)

Formal Diction

335

(1)

Informal Diction

336

(1)

College Writing

337

(1)

Choosing the Right Word

338

(4)

Denotation and Connotation

338

(1)

Euphemisms

339

(1)

Specific and General Words

340

(1)

Abstract and Concrete Words

340

(2)

Avoiding Unoriginal Language

342

(2)

Jargon

342

(1)

Neologisms

343

(1)

Pretentious Diction

343

(1)

Cliches

343

(1)

Using Figurative Language

344

(2)

Avoiding Ineffective Figures of Speech

346

(1)

Dead Metaphors and Similes

346

(1)

Mixed Metaphors

347

(1)

Avoiding Offensive Language

347

(8)

Racial, Ethnic, and Other Stereotypes

348

(1)

Sexist Language

349

(4)

Student Writer at Work: Choosing Words

353

(2)

Using the Dictionary and Building a Vocabulary

355

(14)

Exploring the Parts of a Dictionary

355

(1)

Understanding a Dictionary Entry

355

(5)

Entry Word

355

(1)

Guide to Pronunciation

356

(1)

Part-of-Speech Labels

356

(1)

Etymology

357

(1)

Meanings

357

(1)

Synonyms and Antonyms

358

(1)

Idioms

358

(1)

Labels

358

(1)

General Information

359

(1)

Surveying Abridged Dictionaries

360

(1)

Surveying Unabridged Dictionaries

361

(1)

Building a Better Vocabulary

362

(7)

Become a Reader

363

(1)

Learn the Histories of Words

363

(1)

Become Familiar with Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

363

(4)

Learn Words According to a System

367

(2)

Improving Spelling

369

(14)

Understanding Spelling and Pronunciation

369

(2)

Vowels in Unstressed Positions

369

(1)

Silent Letters

369

(1)

Words That Are Often Pronounced Carelessly

370

(1)

Variant Forms of the Same Word

370

(1)

Homophones

370

(1)

Learning Spelling Rules

371

(4)

The ie/ei Combinations

372

(1)

Doubling Final Consonants

372

(1)

Prefixes

373

(1)

Silent e before a Suffix

373

(1)

y before a Suffix

373

(1)

seed Endings

374

(1)

-able, -ible

374

(1)

Plurals

374

(1)

Developing Spelling Skills

375

(8)

Make Your Own Spelling List

376

(1)

Uncover Patterns of Misspelling

376

(1)

Fix Each Word in Your Mind

376

(1)

Learn to Distinguish Commonly Confused Words

376

(7)

PART 6 UNDERSTANDING GRAMMAR

383

(66)

Parts of Speech

385

(10)

Nouns

385

(1)

Pronouns

385

(2)

Verbs

387

(2)

Recognizing Verbs

387

(1)

Recognizing Verbals

388

(1)

Adjectives

389

(1)

Descriptive Adjectives

389

(1)

Determiners

390

(1)

Adverbs

390

(2)

Prepositions

392

(1)

Conjunctions

392

(1)

Interjections

393

(2)

Nouns and Pronouns

395

(9)

Case

395

(3)

Using the Subjective Case

395

(1)

Using the Objective Case

396

(1)

Using the Possessive Case

396

(2)

Determining Pronoun Case in Special Situations

398

(2)

Implied Comparisons with Than or As

398

(1)

Who and Whom

398

(1)

We and Us before a Noun

399

(1)

Pronoun Reference

400

(4)

Ambiguous Antecedents

400

(1)

Remote Antecedents

401

(1)

Nonexistent Antecedents

401

(1)

Who, Which, and That

401

(1)

Student Writer at Work: Nouns and Pronouns

402

(2)

Verbs

404

(21)

Verb Forms

404

(6)

Principal Parts of Regular Verbs

405

(1)

Principal Parts of Irregular Verbs

405

(5)

Tense

410

(1)

Using the Simple Tenses

410

(2)

Present Tense

410

(1)

Past Tense

411

(1)

Future Tense

411

(1)

Using the Perfect Tenses

412

(1)

Present Perfect Tense

412

(1)

Past Perfect Tense

412

(1)

Future Perfect Tense

412

(1)

Using the Progressive Tenses

412

(3)

Present Progressive Tense

413

(1)

Past Progressive Tense

413

(1)

Future Progressive Tense

413

(1)

Present Perfect Progressive Tense

413

(1)

Past Perfect Progressive Tense

413

(1)

Future Perfect Progressive Tense

414

(1)

Using Verb Tenses in a Sentence

415

(2)

Verbs in Independent Clauses

415

(1)

Verbs in Dependent Clauses

415

(1)

Infinitives in Verbal Phrases

416

(1)

Participles in Verbal Phrases

416

(1)

Mood

417

(1)

Using the Subjunctive Mood

418

(2)

That Clauses

418

(1)

Conditional Statements

418

(1)

Idiomatic Expressions

419

(1)

Voice

420

(1)

Changing from Passive to Active Voice

421

(1)

Changing from Active to Passive Voice

422

(3)

Student Writer at Work: Verbs

423

(2)

Agreement

425

(13)

Subject-Verb Agreement

425

(7)

Words between Subject and Verb

426

(1)

Compound Subjects Joined by And

426

(1)

Compound Subjects Joined by Or

426

(1)

Indefinite Pronouns

427

(1)

Collective Nouns

428

(1)

Singular Subjects with Plural Forms

429

(1)

Inverted Subject-Verb Order

430

(1)

Linking Verbs

430

(1)

Relative Pronouns

430

(2)

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

432

(6)

Compound Antecedents

432

(1)

Collective Noun Antecedents

433

(1)

Indefinite Pronoun Antecedents

433

(3)

Student Writer at Work: Agreement

436

(2)

Adjectives and Adverbs

438

(11)

Understanding Adjectives and Adverbs

438

(1)

Using Adjectives

438

(1)

Using Adverbs

439

(2)

Using Comparatives and Superlatives

441

(3)

Comparative Forms

442

(1)

Superlative Forms

442

(1)

Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives

443

(1)

Illogical Comparisons

443

(1)

Avoiding Double Negatives

444

(1)

Using Nouns as Adjectives

444

(5)

Student Writer at Work: Adjectives and Adverbs

446

(3)

PART 7 UNDERSTANDING PUNCTUATION AND MECHANICS

449

(112)

Overview of Sentence Punctuation: Commas, Semicolons, Colons, Dashes, Parentheses

450

(3)

End Punctuation

453

(8)

Using Periods

453

(3)

Ending a Sentence

453

(1)

Marking an Abbreviation

454

(1)

Marking Divisions in Dramatic, Poetic, and Biblical References

455

(1)

Marking Divisions in Electronic Addresses

455

(1)

Using Question Marks

456

(2)

Marking the End of a Direct Question

456

(1)

Marking Questionable Dates or Numbers

457

(1)

Editing Misused or Overused Question Marks

457

(1)

Using Exclamation Points

458

(3)

Marking Emphasis

458

(1)

Editing Misused or Overused Exclamation Points

458

(3)

The Comma

461

(21)

Setting Off Independent Clauses

461

(2)

Setting Off Items in a Series

463

(2)

Coordinate Elements

463

(1)

Coordinate Adjectives

464

(1)

Setting Off Introductory Elements

465

(2)

Introductory Adverb Clauses

465

(1)

Introductory Phrases

466

(1)

Introductory Transitional Words and Phrases

467

(1)

Setting Off Nonessential Material from the Rest of the Sentence

467

(6)

Nonrestrictive Modifiers

468

(2)

Transitional Words and Phrases

470

(1)

Alternative or Contrasting Phrases

471

(1)

Absolute Phrases

471

(1)

Miscellaneous Nonessential Elements

472

(1)

Using Commas in Other Conventional Contexts

473

(2)

Around Direct Quotations

473

(1)

Between Names and Titles or Degrees

473

(1)

In Dates and Addresses

474

(1)

In Salutations and Closings

474

(1)

In Long Numbers

474

(1)

Using Commas to Prevent Misreading

475

(2)

To Clarify Meaning

475

(1)

To Indicate an Omission

475

(1)

To Separate Repeated Words

476

(1)

Editing Misused or Overused Commas

477

(5)

To Join Two Independent Clauses

477

(1)

To Set Off Restrictive Modifiers

478

(1)

Between Inseparable Grammatical Constructions

478

(1)

To Set Off an Indirect Quotation or Indirect Question

479

(1)

Between Phrases Linked by Correlative Conjunctions

479

(1)

Between Certain Paired Elements

479

(1)

Before an Adverb Clause That Falls at the End of a Sentence

480

(2)

The Semicolon

482

(9)

Separating Independent Clauses

482

(3)

Separating Independent Clauses Introduced by Transitional Words and Phrases

485

(1)

Separating Items in a Series

486

(3)

Editing Misused or Overused Semicolons

489

(2)

Between Items of Unequal Grammatical Rank

489

(1)

To Introduce a List

489

(1)

To Introduce a Direct Quotation

489

(2)

The Apostrophe

491

(7)

Forming the Possessive Case

491

(3)

Singular Nouns and Indefinite Pronouns

491

(1)

Singular Nouns Ending in s

491

(1)

Plural Nouns Ending in s

492

(1)

Irregular Plural Nouns

492

(1)

Compound Nouns or Word Groups

492

(1)

Two or More Items

492

(2)

Avoiding Apostrophes with Plural Nouns and Personal Pronouns

494

(1)

Indicating Omissions

495

(1)

Omitted Letters

495

(1)

Omitted Numbers

496

(1)

Forming Plurals

496

(2)

Quotation Marks

498

(13)

Setting Off Direct Quotations

498

(2)

An Identifying Tag in the Middle of a Passage

499

(1)

An Identifying Tag at the Beginning

499

(1)

An Identifying Tag at the End

500

(1)

Setting Off Titles

500

(2)

Setting Off Words Used in Special Ways

502

(2)

Setting Off Dialogue, Prose Passages, and Poetry

504

(3)

Dialogue

504

(1)

Long Prose Passages

505

(1)

Poetry

506

(1)

Using Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation

507

(1)

With Final Commas or Periods

507

(1)

With Final Semicolons or Colons

507

(1)

With Question Marks, Exclamation Points, and Dashes

507

(1)

Editing Misused or Overused Quotation Marks

508

(3)

To Convey Emphasis

508

(1)

To Set Off Nicknames or Slang

508

(1)

To Enclose Titles of Long Works

508

(1)

To Set Off Terms Being Defined

509

(1)

To Set Off Technical Terms

509

(1)

To Set Off Indirect Quotations

509

(2)

Other Punctuation Marks

511

(17)

Using Colons

512

(3)

To Introduce Lists of Series

512

(1)

To Introduce Explanatory Material

512

(1)

To Introduce Quotations

513

(1)

In Other Conventional Situations

513

(1)

Editing Misused or Overused Colons

514

(1)

Using Dashes

515

(2)

To Set Off Nonessential Material

515

(1)

To Introduce a Summary

516

(1)

To Indicate an Interruption

516

(1)

Editing Misused and Overused Dashes

516

(1)

Using Parentheses

517

(2)

To Set Off Nonessential Material

517

(1)

Where Convention Requires Their Use

518

(1)

Using Brackets

519

(1)

To Set Off Comments within Quotations

519

(1)

In Place of Parentheses within Parentheses

520

(1)

Using Slashes

520

(1)

To Separate One Option from Another

520

(1)

To Separate Lines of Poetry Run into the Text

520

(1)

To Separate the Numerator from the Denominator in Fractions

521

(1)

Using Ellipses

521

(7)

To Indicate an Omission in Quoted Prose

521

(1)

To Indicate an Omission in Quoted Poetry

521

(3)

Student Writer at Work: Punctuation

524

(4)

Capitalization

528

(8)

Capitalize the First Word of a Sentence of a Line of Poetry

528

(1)

Capitalize Proper Nouns, Titles Accompanying Them, and Adjectives Formed from Them

529

(3)

Specific People's Names

529

(1)

Names of Particular Structures, Special Events, Monuments, Vehicles, and So On

530

(1)

Places, Geographical Regions, and Directions

530

(1)

Days of the Week, Months of the Year, and Holidays

530

(1)

Historical Periods, Events, and Documents; Names of Legal Cases and Awards

530

(1)

Philosophic, Literary, and Artistic Movements

530

(1)

Races, Ethnic Groups, Nationalities, and Languages

531

(1)

Religions and Their Followers; Sacred Books and Figures

531

(1)

Political, Social, Athletic, Civic, and Other Groups and Their Members

531

(1)

Businesses; Government Agencies; and Medical, Educational, and Other Institutions

531

(1)

Trade Names and Words Formed from Them

531

(1)

Specific Academic Courses

532

(1)

Adjectives Formed from Proper Nouns

532

(1)

Capitalize Important Words in Titles

532

(1)

Capitalize the Pronoun I and the Interjection O

533

(1)

Capitalize Salutations and Closings of Letters

533

(1)

Editing Misused or Overused Capitals

533

(3)

Seasons

533

(1)

Centuries and Loosely Defined Historical Periods

534

(1)

Diseases and Other Medical Terms

534

(2)

Italics

536

(5)

Setting Off Titles and Names

536

(2)

Setting Off Foreign Words and Phrases

538

(1)

Setting Off Elements Spoken of as Themselves and Terms Being Defined

538

(1)

Using Italics for Clarity

539

(2)

Hyphens

541

(8)

Breaking a Word at the End of a Line

541

(3)

One-Syllable Words

542

(1)

Short Syllables

542

(1)

Compound Words

543

(1)

Illogical or Confusing Hyphenation

543

(1)

Numerals, Contractions, and Abbreviations

543

(1)

Dividing Compound Words

544

(5)

Hyphenating Compound Adjectives

545

(1)

Hypenating with Certain Prefixes and Suffixes

545

(1)

Hyphenating for Clarity

546

(1)

Hyphenating Compound Numerals and Fractions

546

(1)

Hyphenating Coined Compounds

547

(2)

Abbreviations

549

(6)

Abbreviating Titles

549

(1)

Abbreviating Organization Names and Technical Terms

549

(1)

Abbreviating Dates, Times of Day, Temperatures, and Numbers

550

(1)

Editing Misused or Overused Abbreviations

551

(4)

Familiar Latin Expressions

551

(1)

The Names of Days, Months, or Holidays

551

(1)

Units of Measurement

551

(1)

Names of Streets and Places

552

(1)

Names of Academic Subjects

552

(1)

Parts of Books

552

(1)

People's Names

552

(1)

Company Names

553

(1)

Symbols

553

(2)

Numbers

555

(6)

Spelling Out Numbers That Begin Sentences

555

(1)

Spelling Out Numbers Expressed in One or Two Words

555

(1)

Using Numerals for Numbers Expressed in More Than Two Words

556

(1)

Using Numerals Where Convention Requires Their Use

556

(2)

Addresses

556

(1)

Dates

557

(1)

Exact Times

557

(1)

Exact Sums of Money

557

(1)

Pages and Divisions of Written Works

557

(1)

Measurements

557

(1)

Numbers Containing Percentages, Decimals, or Fractions

557

(1)

Ratios, Scores, and Statistics

558

(1)

Identification Numbers

558

(1)

Using Numerals with Spelled-Out Numbers

558

(3)

PART 8 WRITING WITH SOURCES

561

(194)

Research for Writing

563

(21)

Mapping Out a Search Strategy

563

(2)

Doing Library Research

565

(13)

Exploratory research

566

(1)

Focused Research: Locating Reference Works

567

(2)

Focused Research: Locating Books

569

(2)

Focused Research: Locating Articles

571

(1)

Focused Research: Using the Library's Electronic Resources

572

(4)

Focused Research: Using Special Library Services

576

(2)

Gathering Information Outside the Library

578

(6)

Finding Organizations

578

(1)

Writing for Information

578

(1)

Finding People

578

(1)

Observing People, Places, Objects, and Events

579

(1)

Conducting an Interview

580

(1)

Conducting a Survey

581

(3)

Using the Internet for Research

584

(18)

Understanding the Internet

584

(1)

Using the Internet

585

(4)

E-Mail

585

(1)

Newsgroups

586

(1)

Listservs

586

(1)

FTP

587

(1)

Gopher

588

(1)

World Wide Web (the Web)

588

(1)

Searching the Web

589

(5)

Searching for an Address

590

(2)

Searching for Key Words

592

(2)

Evaluating Internet Sources

594

(1)

Netiquette

595

(1)

Selected Research Sites

596

(2)

Important Computer Terms

598

(4)

Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting, and Synthesizing

602

(15)

Taking Notes

602

(8)

Writing a Summary

602

(3)

Writing a Paraphrase

605

(3)

Recording Quotations

608

(2)

Integrating Your Notes into Your Writing

610

(7)

Integrating Quotations

611

(2)

Integrating Paraphrases and Summaries

613

(2)

Synthesizing Ideas

615

(2)

Avoiding Plagiarism

617

(7)

Defining Plagiarism

617

(1)

Revising to Eliminate Plagiarism

618

(6)

Enclose Borrowed Words in Quotation Marks

618

(1)

Do Not Imitate a Source's Syntax and Phrasing

619

(1)

Document Statistics Obtained from a Source

620

(1)

Differentiate Your Words and Ideas from Those of Your Source

620

(4)

Documentation

624

(50)

Using MLA Format

625

(22)

Parenthetical References in the Text

625

(5)

Works Cited List

630

(16)

Content Notes

646

(1)

Using CMS Format

647

(9)

Endnotes and Footnotes

647

(1)

Bibliography

648

(8)

Using APA Format

656

(10)

Parenthetical References in the Text

656

(4)

Reference List

660

(6)

Content Notes

666

(1)

Using CBE Format

666

(3)

Using Other Documentation Styles

669

(2)

Using Abbreviations

671

(3)

Writing a Research Paper

674

(29)

Moving from Assignment to Topic

675

(3)

Understanding Your Assignment

675

(1)

Choosing a Topic

676

(2)

Keeping a Research Notebook

678

(1)

Doing Exploratory Research and Focusing on a Research Question

678

(1)

Mapping Out a Search Strategy

678

(1)

Doing Exploratory Research

678

(1)

Focusing on a Research Question

679

(1)

Assembling a Working Bibliography

679

(2)

Developing a Tentative Thesis

681

(1)

Doing Focused Research

682

(8)

Reading Sources

682

(1)

Distinguishing Between Primary and Secondary Sources

683

(1)

Evaluating Sources

684

(6)

Taking Notes

690

(4)

Deciding on a Thesis

694

(2)

Preparing a Formal Outline

696

(1)

Writing a Rough Draft

697

(3)

Shaping the Parts of the Paper

698

(1)

Working Source Material into Your Paper

699

(1)

Revising the Drafts

700

(1)

Preparing a Final Draft

701

(2)

Research Notebook: A Student's Process

703

(52)

Moving from Assignment to Topic

703

(1)

Doing Exploratory Research and Focusing on a Research Question

704

(1)

Mapping Out a Search Strategy

704

(1)

Doing Exploratory Research

704

(1)

Focusing On a Research Question

705

(1)

Assembling a Working Bibliography

705

(2)

Developing a Tentative Thesis

707

(1)

Doing Focused Research

707

(1)

Reading Sources

707

(1)

Evaluating Sources

707

(1)

Taking Notes

707

(2)

Deciding on a Thesis

709

(1)

Preparing a Formal Outline

709

(2)

Writing a Rough Draft

711

(1)

Revising the Drafts

711

(2)

Preparing a Final Draft

713

(1)

The Completed Paper

713

(42)

PART 9 WRITING IN THE DISCIPLINES

755

Understanding the Disciplines

757

(7)

Research Sources

757

(1)

Writing Assignments

758

(1)

Conventions of Style, Format, and Documentation

759

(5)

Style

759

(1)

Format

760

(1)

Documentation

761

(3)

Writing in the Humanities

764

(20)

Research Sources

764

(4)

Specialized Library Sources

764

(3)

Specialized Databases for Computer Searches

767

(1)

Other Sources of Information

767

(1)

Assignments in the Humanities

768

(4)

The Response Statement

768

(1)

The Book Review

769

(1)

The Bibliographic Essay

770

(1)

The Annotated Bibliography

771

(1)

The Literary Analysis

771

(1)

Conventions of Style, Format, and Documentation

772

(1)

Style and Format

772

(1)

Documentation

772

(1)

Sample Humanities Research Papers

772

(12)

Modern Language Association (MLA) Format: A Literary Analysis

772

(7)

Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) Format: Excerpts from a History Research Paper

779

(5)

Writing in the Social Sciences

784

(28)

Research Sources

784

(4)

Specialized Library Sources

784

(3)

Specialized Databases for Computer Searches

787

(1)

Other Sources of Information

788

(1)

Assignments in the Social Sciences

788

(5)

The Experience Paper

788

(1)

The Case Study

789

(1)

The Literature Review

790

(1)

The Proposal

791

(2)

Conventions of Style, Format, and Documentation

793

(1)

Style and Format

793

(1)

Documentation

793

(1)

American Psychological Association (APA) Format: Social Science Research Paper

793

(19)

Writing in the Natural and Applied Sciences

812

(12)

Research Sources

812

(3)

Specialized Library Sources

813

(2)

Specialized Databases for Computer Searches

815

(1)

Other Sources of Information

815

(1)

Assignments in the Sciences

815

(4)

The Abstract

816

(1)

The Literature Survey

817

(1)

The Laboratory Report

817

(2)

Conventions of Style, Format, and Documentation

819

(1)

Style and Format

819

(1)

Documentation

820

(1)

Council of Biology Editors (CBE) Format: Excerpts from a Science Research Paper

820

(4)

Writing Essay Examinations

824

(14)

Planning an Essay Examination Answer

824

(4)

Review Your Material

824

(1)

Consider Your Audience and Purpose

825

(1)

Read through the Entire Examination

825

(1)

Read Each Question Carefully

826

(2)

Brainstorm to Find Ideas

828

(1)

Shaping an Essay Examination Answer

828

(1)

Stating a Thesis

828

(1)

Making an Informal Outline

828

(1)

Writing and Revising an Essay Examination Answer

829

(7)

Writing Paragraph-Length Essay Examination Answers

836

(2)

Writing about Literature

838

(31)

Approaching Literature

838

(1)

Reading Literature

838

(1)

Writing about Literature

839

(2)

Writing about Fiction

841

(13)

Writing about Poetry

854

(5)

Writing about Drama

859

(7)

Using Literary Terms

866

(3)

Writing for the Workplace

869

Writing Business Letters

869

(2)

Writing Letters of Application and Resumes

871

(6)

Letters of Application

871

(2)

Resumes

873

(4)

Writing Memos

877

Appendix A Document Design and Manuscript Guidelines

A-1

Document Design

A-1

Creating an Effective Format

A-1

Using Headings

A-2

Constructing Lists

A-3

Using Visuals: Tables, Graphs, Diagrams, and Photographs

A-4

MLA Manuscript Guidelines

A-9

APA Manuscript Guidelines

A-11

Appendix B English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL)

A-13

Writing for Native English Speakers

A-13

Choosing a Topic

A-14

Stating and Supporting a Thesis

A-15

Stating a Thesis

A-15

Supporting a Thesis

A-15

Organizing Ideas

A-17

Using an Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

A-17

Writing in Paragraphs

A-18

Writing Correct English

A-20

Nouns

A-21

Singular, Plural, and Noncount Nouns

A-21

Using Articles with Nouns

A-23

Using Other Determiners with Nouns

A-24

Pronouns

A-25

Verbs

A-27

Tense, Person, and Number

A-27

Subject-Verb Agreement

A-27

Auxiliary Verbs

A-28

Verb Tense

A-28

Double Negatives

A-28

Verbs as Nouns and Adjectives

A-29

Adjectives and Adverbs

A-30

Position of Adjectives and Adverbs

A-30

Adjectives in a Series

A-31

Prepositions

A-32

Word Order

A-35

Standard Word Order

A-35

Word Order in Questions

A-36

Common Sentence Errors

A-37

Glossary of Usage

G-1

Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms

G-22

Acknowledgments

C-1

Index

I-1

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