Holy Teaching : Introducing the Summa

offers an introduction to Thomas Aquinas with selections from the Summa Theologiae and explanatory commentary.

Frederick Christian Bauerschmidt (Ph.D., Duke University) is associate professor of theology at Loyola College in Baltimore, Maryland. He is the author of Why the Mystics Matter and Julian of Norwich and the Mystical Body Politic of Christ.

Introduction

11

(16)

Prologue to the Summa Theologiae

27

(4)

THE FIRST PART

QUESTION 1: The Nature of Holy Teaching

31

(14)

1.1.1 Whether, besides philosophical studies, any further teaching is required?

1.1.2 Whether holy teaching is scientia?

1.1.8 Whether holy teaching proves anything through argumentation?

1.1.9 Whether Holy Scripture should use metaphors?

1.1.10 Whether in Holy Scripture a word may have several senses?

QUESTION 2: The Existence of God

45

(12)

1.2,1 Whether the existence of God is self-evident?

1.2.2 Whether it can be demonstrated that God exists?

1.2.3 Whether God exists?

QUESTION 3: The Simplicity of God

57

(4)

1.3.4 Whether essence and existence are the same in God?

QUESTION 12: Knowledge of God

61

(5)

1.12.12 Whether God can be known in this life by natural reason?

1.12.13 Whether a higher knowledge of God can be obtained by grace than by natural reason?

QUESTION 13: The Names of God

66

(7)

1.13.3 Whether any word can be applied to God in its literal sense?

1.13.5 Whether what is said of God and of creatures is said of them univocally?

QUESTION 27: The Procession of the Divine Persons

73

(7)

1.27.1 Whether there is procession in God?

1.27.3 Whether any other procession exists in God besides that of the Word?

QUESTION 29: The Divine Persons

80

(6)

1.29.4 Whether this word "person" signifies relation?

QUESTION 32: Knowledge of the Trinity

86

(7)

1.32.1 Whether the Trinity of the divine Persons can be known by natural reason?

QUESTION 36: The Person of the Holy Spirit

93

(8)

1.36.2 Whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Son?

QUESTION 45: The Way in Which Things Come Forth from the First Principle

101

(8)

1.45.5 Whether it belongs to God alone to create?

THE FIRST HALF OF THE SECOND PART

QUESTION 3: What Is Happiness?

109

(3)

1-2.3.8 Whether perfect human happiness consists in the vision of the divine essence?

QUESTION 4: Those Things That Are Required for Happiness

112

(4)

1-2.4.6 Whether perfection of the body is necessary for perfect human happiness?

QUESTION 5: The Attainment of Happiness

116

(3)

1-2.5.1 Whether human beings can attain happiness?

QUESTION 91: The Various Kinds of Law

119

(3)

1-2.91.4 Whether there was any need for a divine law?

QUESTION 109: The Necessity of Grace

122

(11)

1-2,109.2 Whether human beings can wish and do good without grace?

1-2.109.6 Whether human beings, left alone and without the external aid of grace, can prepare themselves for grace?

THE SECOND HALF OF THE SECOND PART

QUESTION 2: The Act of Faith

133

(12)

2-2.2.3 Whether it is necessary for salvation to believe anything above natural reason?

2-2.2.7 Whether it is necessary for salvation to believe explicitly in the mystery of Christ?

2-2.2.8 Whether it is necessary for salvation to believe explicitly in the Trinity?

2-2.2.10 Whether reasons in support of what we believe lessen the merit of faith?

QUESTION 17: Hope

145

(3)

2-2.17,2 Whether eternal happiness is the proper object of hope?

QUESTION 19: The Gift of Fear

148

(4)

2-2.19.11 Whether fear remains in the heavenly homeland?

QUESTION 23: Charity

152

(4)

2-2.23.1 Whether charity is friendship?

QUESTION 174: Different Kinds of Prophecy

156

(7)

2-2.174.6 Whether the degrees of prophecy change as time goes on?

THE THIRD PART

QUESTION 1: The Fittingness of the Incarnation

163

(13)

3.1.1 Whether it was fitting that God should become incarnate?

3.1.2 Whether it was necessary for the restoration of the human race that the Word of God should become incarnate?

000

3.1.3 Whether, if humanity had not sinned, God would have become incarnate?

QUESTION 2: The Mode of Union of the Word Incarnate

176

(6)

3.2.2 Whether the union of the incarnate Word took place in the person?

QUESTION 8: The Grace of Christ, as He Is the Head of the Church

182

(5)

3.8.1 Whether Christ, inasmuch as he is human, is the head of the church?

QUESTION 9: Christ's Knowledge in General

187

(5)

3.9.4 Whether Christ had any knowledge acquired through experience?

QUESTION 16: What Is Fittingly Said of Christ

192

(6)

3.16.1 Whether this is true: "God is a human being"?

QUESTION 17: Christ's Unity with Regard to His Existence

198

(6)

3.17.2 Whether there is only one existence in Christ?

QUESTION 27: The Sanctification of the Blessed Virgin

204

(5)

3.27.2 Whether the Blessed Virgin was sanctified before animation?

QUESTION 40: Christ's Way of Living

209

(10)

3.40.1 Whether Christ should have associated with people, or led a solitary life?

3.40.3 Whether Christ should have led a life of poverty in this world?

3.40.4 Whether Christ abided by the Law?

QUESTION 42: Christ's Teaching

219

(4)

3.42.4 Whether Christ should have committed his teaching to writing?

QUESTION 46: The Suffering of Christ

223

(14)

3.46.1 Whether it was necessary for Christ to suffer for the deliverance of the human race?

3.46.2 Whether there was any other possible way of human deliverance besides the suffering of Christ?

3.46.3 Whether there was any more suitable way of delivering the human race than by Christ's suffering?

3.46.4 Whether Christ should have suffered on a cross?

QUESTION 47: The Efficient Cause of Christ's Suffering

237

(3)

3.47.1 Whether Christ was killed by someone else or by himself?

QUESTION 48: What Christ's Suffering Did

240

(5)

3.48.2 Whether Christ's suffering brought about our salvation by way of repayment?

QUESTION 53: Christ's Resurrection

245

(4)

3.53.1 Whether it was necessary for Christ to rise again?

QUESTION 59: Christ's Power as Judge

249

(4)

3.59.5 Whether after the judgment that takes place in the present time, there remains yet another general judgment?

QUESTION 61: The Need for the Sacraments

253

(5)

3.61.1 Whether sacraments are necessary for human salvation?

QUESTION 62: The Sacraments' Principal Effect, Which Is Grace

258

(5)

3.62.1 Whether the sacraments are the cause of grace?

QUESTION 63: The Other Effect of the Sacraments, Which Is a Seal

263

(4)

3.63.1 Whether a sacrament imprints a seal on the soul?

QUESTION 65: The Number of the Sacraments

267

(7)

3.65.1 Whether there should be seven sacraments?

QUESTION 66: The Sacrament of Baptism

274

(4)

3.66.1 Whether baptism is the act of washing itself?

QUESTION 68: Those Who Receive Baptism

278

(7)

3.68.2 Whether a person can be saved without baptism?

3.68.9 Whether children should be baptized?

QUESTION 75: The Conversion of the Bread and Wine

285

(12)

3.75.1 Whether the body of Christ is in the sacrament of the Eucharist truly, or only in a figure or as in a sign?

3.75.8 Whether this proposition is false: "The body of Christ is made out of bread"?

QUESTION 80: Receiving the Eucharist

297

(5)

3.80.1 Whether one should distinguish two ways of eating Christ's body?

QUESTION 83: The Rite of This Sacrament

302

(5)

3.83.1 Whether Christ is sacrificially offered in this sacrament?

Glossary of Names

307

(4)

Suggestions for Further Reading

311

(5)

Index

316

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Holy Teaching : Introducing the Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials