Horizontal Inequalities & Conflict Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies

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ISBN: 9780230516809 | 0230516807
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/15/2008

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This book explores the role of horizontal inequalities - inequalities that exist between ethnic, religious or racial groups - as a source of violent conflict. This study shows how political, economic and cultural status inequalities have contributed to conflict, drawing on econometric evidence and in-depth studies of West Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia. It points the way to policies which would reverse inequality and thus reduce the risk of conflict.

List of Figures and Tables	p. x
Foreword	p. xv
Preface	p. xvii
Acknowledgements	p. xviii
Notes on the Contributors	p. xx
Concepts and Issues
Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: An Introduction and some Hypotheses	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Groups in conflict	p. 4
Group formation and mobilization	p. 7
Horizontal inequalities and mobilization	p. 12
Horizontal inequalities and conflict: The main hypotheses	p. 18
Plan of this book	p. 23
Who Should be Included? Noncitizens, Conflict and the Constitution of the Citizenry	p. 25
Introduction	p. 25
The scope of the analysis	p. 26
The creation of noncitizenship	p. 28
The reproduction of noncitizenship	p. 30
Citizenship as a focus of concern	p. 33
Just principles for accessing citizenship	p. 35
Conclusion	p. 38
Cultural Status Inequalities: An Important Dimension of Group Mobilization	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Conceptualizing cultural status inequalities	p. 42
Three aspects of cultural status inequality	p. 46
Status anxiety: Linking cultural status inequalities, mobilization and conflict	p. 51
Conclusions	p. 52
Horizontal Inequalities: Explaining Persistence and Change	p. 54
Introduction	p. 54
A framework for considering the evolution of horizontal inequalities	p. 56
Evidence for the persistence and change of horizontal inequalities	p. 65
Conclusions and policy implications	p. 79
Measurement and Statistical Analysis
Approaches to the Measurement of Horizontal Inequalities	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
Problems of measuring horizontal inequalities	p. 85
Measuring horizontal inequalities at an aggregate level	p. 87
Applications of the aggregate measures: South Africa, the United States, and Indonesia	p. 91
Measuring horizontal inequalities in different segments of the income distribution	p. 97
Some conclusions	p. 101
Appendix 5A	p. 103
Horizontal Inequality and Communal Violence: Evidence from Indonesian Districts	p. 106
Introduction	p. 106
Operationalizing ethnicity: Three approaches	p. 107
Previous quantitative literature on horizontal inequality	p. 111
The Indonesian context	p. 112
Methodology	p. 114
Data	p. 118
Sample and summary statistics	p. 119
Results	p. 123
Conclusions	p. 129
Appendix 6A	p. 131
Inequalities, the Political Environment and Civil Conflict: Evidence from 55 Developing Countries	p. 136
Introduction	p. 136
Horizontal inequalities and civil conflict	p. 137
Mediating effects of the political environment on the horizontal inequality-conflict nexus	p. 138
Data and research design	p. 142
Results	p. 147
Concluding remarks	p. 155
Appendix 7A	p. 157
Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict in Three Regions
When do Horizontal Inequalities Lead to Conflict? Lessons from a Comparative Study of Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire	p. 163
Introduction	p. 163
From Ivorian 'miracle' to violent conflict	p. 164
The peaceful management of the north-south divide in Ghana	p. 176
Conclusions	p. 186
Horizontal Inequalities and Ethnic Violence: Evidence from Calabar and Warri, Nigeria	p. 190
Introduction	p. 190
Same starting line: The origins of horizontal inequalities	p. 190
All roads do not lead to Rome: Different conflict pathways	p. 193
Concluding remarks	p. 203
Ethnicity, Religion and the State in Ghana and Nigeria: Perceptions from the Street	p. 205
Introduction	p. 205
'Objective' socioeconomic and political inequalities in Ghana and Nigeria	p. 206
Ethnic and religious composition of the survey samples	p. 209
The salience of different identities	p. 211
The perceived impact of ethnicity and religion in the public sphere	p. 214
Perceptions of political horizontal inequalities	p. 220
Perceptions of government favouritism and discrimination	p. 222
Conclusions	p. 225
Inequality, Ethnicity and Political Violence in Latin America: The Cases of Bolivia, Guatemala and Peru	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Horizontal inequalities: Preliminary measurements	p. 230
The history of ethnic mobilization	p. 233
The generation of political violence - or its absence	p. 243
Conclusions	p. 246
Horizontal Inequalities and Separatism in Southeast Asia: A Comparative Perspective	p. 252
Introduction	p. 252
The cases	p. 253
The demographic logic of separatism: State-sponsored migration and minoritization	p. 258
The economic logic of separatism: Horizontal inequalities	p. 262
The political logic of separatism: The turn to violent mobilization	p. 277
Conclusions and Policies
Major Findings and Conclusions on the Relationship Between Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict	p. 285
Introduction	p. 285
General findings on the relationship between horizontal inequalities and conflict	p. 286
Conclusions	p. 299
Policies towards Horizontal Inequalities	p. 301
Introduction	p. 301
Approaches to policy and measurement	p. 303
Policies towards political horizontal inequalities	p. 306
Policies towards socioeconomic horizontal inequalities: Affirmative action	p. 311
Policies towards cultural status horizontal inequalities	p. 318
Managing change and policy obstacles	p. 321
Conclusions	p. 323
References	p. 326
Author Index	p. 350
Subject Index	p. 356
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Horizontal Inequalities & Conflict Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies

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Horizontal Inequalities & Conflict Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies

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