The Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture: With Comparative Material from Other Western Tribes

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ISBN: 9780898754223 | 0898754224
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/1/2001

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Much of the factual information on which this study is based was supplied by elderly, fullblood Piegan and Blood Indian informants, whose knowledge of the functions of horses in the late years of buffalo days was solidly grounded in personal experiences. These old people really loved horses and enjoyed talking about them. They were uniformly cooperative and interested in getting the record straight.

Foreword

The acquisition of the horse

(19)

The northward spread of horses

(5)

Sources of the horses of the Plains Indians

(1)

Dating the northward spread of horses among the Indians

(4)

The process of diffusion

(8)

Acquisition of horses by the Blackfoot

(5)

Wealth in horses

(13)

Blackfoot tribal wealth in horses

(2)

Wealth in horses of other Plains and Plateau tribes

(6)

Horse wealth of individual Blackfoot Indians

(3)

Horse wealth of individuals in other tribes

(2)

Care of horses

(20)

The Indian pony

(2)

Fate of the Indian pony

(1)

Means of identification

(2)

Daily care of horses

(1)

Hobbling

(1)

Picketing

(1)

Pasturage

(2)

Winter care

(4)

Rustling

(1)

Supplemental winter horse food

(1)

Night care

(1)

Winter losses of horses

(1)

May storms

(1)

Spring condition

(1)

Common horse remedies

(4)

Treatment of saddle sores

(1)

Treatment of sore feet

(1)

Treatment of colic and distemper

(1)

Precautions against chills

(1)

A general tonic

(1)

Treatment of broken bones

(1)

Treatment of unknown illnesses

(1)

Losses of horses

(1)

Losses from disease

(1)

Losses from animal predators

(1)

Losses from stock-poisoning plants

(1)

Care of old horses

(2)

Horse breeding

(6)

Important role of horse breeding

(1)

Selection of studs

(1)

Maintenance of color lines

(1)

Magical breeding formulas

(1)

Care of gravid mares and colts

(1)

Gelding

(3)

Training of horses and riders

(14)

Capture of wild horses

(1)

Breaking horses for riding

(4)

Pond or stream breaking

(1)

Boggy ground breaking

(1)

Surcingle breaking

(2)

Pad-saddle breaking

(1)

Breaking horses for the travois

(1)

Teaching children to ride

(3)

Riding and guiding

(5)

Mounting

(1)

Horse commands

(1)

Guiding

(1)

Use of whip

(1)

Use of short stirrups

(1)

Ability as horsemen

(2)

Riding gear

(29)

Making of rawhide rope

(1)

Hackamores

(1)

Bridles

(4)

Comparative data on bridles

(1)

Lariats

(1)

The dragging line

(1)

Saddles

(13)

Saddle making

(1)

The pad saddle

(2)

Distribution of the pad saddle

(2)

Pad saddle variants among the Blackfoot

(1)

The ``wood saddle''

(4)

Distribution of the ``wood saddle''

(2)

The ``prairie chicken snare saddle''

(1)

Distribution of the ``prairie chicken snare saddle''

(1)

Stirrups

(1)

Use of white men's saddles and accessories

(1)

Saddle blankets

(1)

Saddle housings

(1)

Martingales and cruppers

(2)

Whips

(2)

Horse decoration

(3)

Head ornaments

(1)

Body paint

100

(1)

Mane and tail ornaments

100

(1)

Decoration of women's horses

101

(1)

The travois and transport gear

102

(19)

The horse travois

102

(5)

Horse travois construction

103

(2)

Travois accessories

105

(1)

Travois adjustment and repair

105

(1)

Care of the travois in camp

106

(1)

Survival of the horse travois

106

(1)

The lodgepole hitch

107

(5)

Distribution of the travois and methods of pole transport

108

(4)

Principal items of luggage carried by pack animals

112

(5)

The parfleche

112

(2)

Antiquity of the parfleche

114

(2)

The double-bag

116

(1)

Principal items of luggage transported by riding horses

117

(4)

The double saddlebag

117

(2)

Rectangular rawhide saddlebags

119

(1)

Cylindrical rawhide saddlebags

119

(2)

The horse in camp movements

121

(27)

The Blackfoot Country

121

(2)

The Blackfoot yearly round

123

(6)

The winter camp

124

(2)

Spring hunting and collecting season

126

(1)

Summer hunting and Sun Dance season

127

(1)

Fall hunting and collecting season

128

(1)

Movement of a Blackfoot band camp

129

(19)

Preparation for movement

129

(1)

Packing up

130

(1)

Packing the lodge

131

(3)

Packing household furniture

134

(1)

Packing food

135

(1)

Clothing

136

(1)

Household utensils

136

(1)

Society and medicine paraphernalia

136

(1)

Weapons

137

(1)

Children

137

(1)

Weights and loads

138

(1)

Horse needs for the average family

138

(1)

Moving camp on the part of a wealthy family

139

(1)

Moving camp on the part of a poor family

140

(1)

Comparative data on the poor in horses

141

(2)

Formations on the march

143

(1)

The noon stop for lunch

144

(1)

Crossing streams en route

144

(1)

Stops en route because of rain

145

(1)

Arrival at night camp

145

(1)

Making camp without wood or water

146

(1)

Distances traveled per day

147

(1)

The horse in hunting

148

(23)

Buffalo in the Blackfoot Country

148

(1)

Blackfoot uses of the buffalo

149

(3)

Buffalo hunting seasons

152

(1)

The buffalo horse

153

(1)

Methods of buffalo hunting on horseback

154

(1)

The buffalo chase on horseback

155

(16)

Preparations

155

(1)

Equipment

156

(1)

The approach

157

(1)

The run

157

(1)

Number of buffalo killed in a single chase

158

(1)

Boys' hunting of buffalo calves

159

(1)

Hunting accidents

159

(1)

Butchering and packing

160

(1)

Loaning of buffalo horses for hunting

161

(1)

Feeding the poor

162

(1)

Regulation of the summer buffalo hunt

163

(1)

Early winter buffalo drives

164

(2)

Winter hunting on horseback

166

(1)

The winter hunting horse

166

(1)

Winter hunting on foot

166

(1)

Food rationing

167

(1)

Meat consumption of the Blackfoot

168

(1)

Improvident food habits of other Plains tribes

169

(1)

Hunting of other mammals on horseback

170

(1)

The horse in war

171

(45)

Brief history of Blackfoot intertribal warfare

171

(2)

The horse as a cause of intertribal conflicts

173

(3)

The horse raid

176

(15)

Tribal preferences of Blackfoot horse raiders

176

(1)

Organization of the horse raid

177

(1)

Preparations

177

(1)

War medicines

178

(3)

Clothing

181

(2)

Weapons

183

(1)

The pack

184

(1)

Food

184

(1)

The outward journey

184

(2)

The attack

186

(1)

The homeward journey

187

(1)

Distribution of captured horses

188

(1)

Return to camp

189

(1)

Accustoming captured horses to one's herd

189

(1)

Women on horse-raiding expeditions

190

(1)

Boys on horse-raiding expeditions

190

(1)

Frequency of horse raids

191

(1)

White Quiver, the most successful Blackfoot horse raider

191

(3)

The raid for scalps

194

(13)

The riding big dance

196

(1)

The war horse

196

(1)

Equipment: clothing

197

(1)

Tactics in mounted warfare

198

(1)

Use of fire weapons

199

(1)

Use of shock weapons

200

(2)

The shield

202

(1)

Early use of protective armor

203

(2)

Use of the horse as a shield

205

(1)

Postraid ceremonies

206

(1)

Defensive warfare

207

(5)

Defense of the camp

207

(1)

The individual lodge watch

208

(1)

The horse corral

209

(1)

The ambush

210

(1)

Ownership of horses recovered from the enemy

210

(1)

Defensive warfare in the field

211

(1)

Influence of warfare on Blackfoot population

212

(1)

War honors

212

(2)

Pictographic representation of war honors

214

(1)

The Blackfoot warrior ideal

214

(2)

The horse in trade

216

(9)

Intertribal trade

216

(1)

Intratribal trade

217

(1)

The horse as a standard of value

217

(1)

Judgment of horses

218

(1)

Examples of horse values in intratribal trade

218

(3)

Horse values in buffalo robes

218

(1)

Horse values in weapons

219

(1)

Horse values in articles of men's clothing

219

(1)

Horse values in articles of women's clothing

220

(1)

Horse-pipe relative values

220

(1)

Horse payments in transfer of ceremonial paraphernalia

220

(1)

Blackfoot uses of horse materials

221

(4)

The horse as food

222

(1)

Use of horsehide

222

(1)

Use of horsehair

223

(1)

Horse-chestnut perfume

223

(1)

Horse-tooth necklaces

223

(1)

Use of horse hoofs

223

(1)

Use of horse manure

224

(1)

The horse in recreation

225

(15)

The horse in children's play

225

(2)

Horse racing

227

(9)

Race horses

228

(1)

Intratribal and intertribal horse races

228

(1)

Intersociety races

229

(4)

Horse races between Blackfoot tribes

233

(1)

Other intertribal horse races in which Blackfoot participated

233

(1)

Later history of Blackfoot horse racing

234

(1)

Horse racing among other Plains and Plateau tribes

235

(1)

Horse symbolism in intersociety hoop and pole games

236

(2)

Sham battles

238

(1)

Horses as stakes in gambling

239

(1)

The horse as a factor in social relations

240

(17)

Social status

240

(5)

The rich

240

(2)

The middle class

242

(1)

The poor

243

(1)

Changes in social status

244

(1)

Political organization

245

(4)

The band

245

(3)

Tribal chieftaincy

248

(1)

Marriage

249

(2)

Polygamy

250

(1)

The horse in punishment of civil and criminal offenses

251

(2)

The horse in society organization and ceremonies

253

(1)

Personal names

254

(1)

Horses as gifts

255

(2)

The horse in religion

257

(42)

The horse medicine cult

257

(27)

Origin and history of the Piegan horse medicine cult

258

(4)

Transfer of horse medicine power

262

(1)

The horse dance: ceremony of the horse medicine men

263

(7)

Uses of horse medicine

270

(4)

Taboos recognized by horse medicine men

274

(1)

Identification of horse medicines

275

(1)

Comparative data on horse-medicine identification

276

(1)

Relationship of horse medicine to other Blackfoot medicines

277

(2)

The South Piegan Black Horse Society

279

(1)

Evidences of the horse medicine cult among other tribes

279

(5)

Sacrifice of horses after the death of their owners

284

(3)

Comparative data on horses as grave escorts

286

(1)

Disposal of horses after the death of owner

287

(1)

Secondary associations of the horse in Blackfoot religion

288

(2)

In bundle transfers

288

(1)

In the Sun Dance ceremony

289

(1)

Beliefs concerning the supernatural powers of horses

290

(1)

Beliefs regarding the origin of horses

291

(8)

Thunder's gift of horses

291

(3)

Water Spirit's gift of horses

294

(1)

How Morning Star made the first horse

295

(4)

The influence of the horse on Blackfoot culture

299

(24)

The pre-horse Blackfoot Indians

299

(1)

Horse acquisition as a stimulus to cultural innovation

300

(2)

Influence on hunting

302

(4)

Influence on camp movements and possessions

306

(3)

Influence on warfare

309

(3)

Influence on trade

312

(1)

Influence on recreation

313

(1)

Influence on social life

314

(2)

Influence on religion

316

(2)

The horse and the fur trade

318

(2)

Survivals

320

(3)

The Plains Indian horse complex

323

(18)

Elements in the horse complex of the Plains Indians

323

(4)

Origins of the Plains Indian horse complex

327

(4)

The horse complex in Plains Indian history

331

(5)

The natural and cultural setting

331

(1)

Period of diffusion and integration

332

(3)

Period of crystallization and maximum utilization

335

(1)

Period of disintegration

336

(1)

Old theories and new interpretations

336

(5)

Appendix. Use of mules

341

(2)

Bibliography

343

(16)

Index

359

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The Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture: With Comparative Material from Other Western Tribes

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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The Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture: With Comparative Material from Other Western Tribes

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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