The Hotties: Excavation and Building Survey

The remains of Pilkingtons' No 9 Tank House represent a unique survival from the 19th century, a period of rapid development within the glass industry characterized by innovative but short-lived design.

List of figures	p. iv
List of plates	p. iv
Contributors	p. vi
Abbreviations	p. vi
Summaries	p. vii
Acknowledgements	p. xi
Glossary	p. xii
Introduction	p. 1
'The Hotties'	p. 1
The re-development of the site	p. 3
The fieldwork programme	p. 3
The excavation and building survey report	p. 4
The archive	p. 4
The Making of Glass	p. 5
Historical Background	p. 7
The adoption of coal-fired glass furnaces in the seventeenth century	p. 7
The establishment of glassmaking in St Helens	p. 7
The development of Pilkington Brothers	p. 9
The development of the glass furnace, 1860-73	p. 10
The introduction of continuous tank furnaces by Pilkingtons	p. 14
Phase 1: Pre-Tank House Activity	p. 17
Documentary evidence	p. 17
Archaeological evidence--Phase 1.1	p. 19
Archaeological evidence--Phase 1.2	p. 23
Phase 2: Construction of the No 9 Tank House Complex	p. 25
Documentary evidence	p. 25
Archaeological evidence--Phase 2.1	p. 32
Archaeological evidence--Phase 2.2	p. 71
Functional analysis of the tank furnace	p. 74
Phase 3: Post-Production Tank House Modifications	p. 83
Documentary evidence	p. 83
Archaeological evidence	p. 86
Functional analysis of the Phase 3 structures	p. 93
Phase 4: Mid- and Late-Twentieth Century Alterations	p. 97
Phase 4.1	p. 97
Phase 4.2	p. 100
Working Conditions and Industrial Relations	p. 103
Work in the tank house	p. 103
Wages and labour relations	p. 104
Discussion	p. 107
The use of continuous tank furnaces in the British glass industry	p. 107
Pilkingtons' development of the continuous tank furnace	p. 108
The archaeological evidence for contemporary bottle-making furnaces	p. 110
The expansion of production, and further development	p. 111
Conclusion	p. 113
Bibliography	p. 115
Index	p. 119
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The Hotties: Excavation and Building Survey at Pilkingtons' No 9 Tank House, St. Helens Merseyside

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