How to Conduct Organizational Surveys : A Step-by-Step Guide

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ISBN: 9780803955134 | 0803955138
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/18/1996

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Organizations are increasingly turning to surveys to solve many business-related problems. This book provides those who want to plan organizational surveys with a step-by-step, 'how-to' guide. The authors describe the issues that must be addressed at each step in the process, the advantages and disadvantages that result from many of the choices that must be made, and practical lessons learned from their years of experience in designing and conducting surveys.

Preface

Organizational Surveys: An Overview

(11)

Uses of Surveys in Organizations

(2)

Gathering Information

(1)

Improving Communication

(1)

Monitoring and Evaluating the Effects of Organizational Change

(1)

Factors to Consider Before Initiating the Survey Process

(2)

Is a Survey Within the Organization's Budget?

(1)

Are Personnel With Survey Expertise Available?

(1)

Are There Other Ways to Answer the Question?

(1)

Are Organizational Personnel Being Oversurveyed?

(1)

Setting the Table: Presurvey Issues

(3)

The Survey Team

(1)

Using Internal Versus External Personnel to Conduct the Survey

(1)

Writing a Statement of Purpose

(1)

Conducting Organizational Surveys: A Look Ahead

(3)

Identifying Survey Content

(12)

Methods for Identifying Survey Content

(10)

Developmental Interviews and Focus Groups

(5)

Past Surveys in the Same Organization

(1)

Published Scales

(2)

Archival Sources

(1)

Theory and Academic Findings

(1)

Other Sources of Survey Content

(1)

Conclusions

(2)

Creating the Survey, Part I: Writing Survey Items

(15)

Item Formats: Closed- and Open-Ended Questions

(4)

Closed-Ended Questions

(2)

Open-Ended Questions

(1)

Should the Survey Team Use Closed- or Open-Ended Questions?

(1)

Item Content: Demographic, Factual, and Attitudinal Questions

(3)

Demographic Items

(1)

Factual Items

(1)

Attitudinal Items

(1)

Writing ``Good'' Items: Some Basic Rules

(7)

Ask What You Want to Know

(1)

Keep Items Simple and Short

(1)

Ask About Only One Topic per Item

(1)

Avoid Ambiguous or Vague Questions

(1)

Use Appropriate Language

(1)

Be Specific

(1)

Double Negatives: NOT!

(1)

Avoid Biased Items

(1)

Take Care With Sensitive Items

(3)

Conclusions

(1)

Creating the Survey, Part II: Response Alternatives, Item Order, Survey Length, and Response Biases

(16)

Getting Good Answers: Choosing Closed-Ended Response Formats

(8)

Multiple-Choice Response Format

(3)

Yes-No and True-False Response Formats

(1)

Likert Rating Scales

(3)

Thurstone Scaling

(1)

Semantic Differential Scaling

(1)

Response Biases: The Downside of Using Closed-Ended Items

(3)

Response Order Effects

(1)

Yea-Saying or Nay-Saying

(1)

Acquiescence

(1)

Socially Desirable Responding

(1)

How Many Survey Items?

(3)

What Are the Goals of the Survey?

(1)

How Much Is the Company Willing to Pay?

(1)

Who Will Complete the Questionnaire?

(1)

Are the Items Open or Closed Ended?

(1)

What Is the Administration Method?

(1)

How Fast Are Data Needed?

(1)

Are Fatigue Effects an Issue?

(1)

What Is the Bottom Line on Survey Length?

(1)

Ordering the Items, or Putting It All Together

(1)

Clustering Versus Scattering the Items for a Single Dimension

(1)

Item Order Effects

(1)

Some Practical Advice

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

Selecting Survey Respondents

(11)

Identifying the Target Population

(1)

Should the Population or a Sample Be Used in Data Collection?

(1)

Probability Sampling

(4)

Simple Random Sampling

(1)

Stratified Sampling

(3)

Nonprobability Sampling

(1)

Convenience Sample

(1)

Quota Sampling

(1)

Sampling Error and Sample Size

(5)

Sampling Error

(1)

Sample Size

(4)

Organizational Survey Administration

(14)

Self- Versus Group-Administered Surveys

(3)

Modes of Survey Administration

(9)

Paper Surveys

(2)

Computer-Administered Surveys

(4)

Face-to-Face Interview Surveys

(1)

Telephone Interview Surveys

(2)

Conclusions

(2)

Fielding the Survey

(11)

Adding the Finishing Touches to the Survey Instrument

(6)

Survey Introduction

(3)

Survey Instructions

(1)

Pretesting the Survey

(2)

Obtaining Organizational Approval

(2)

Top Management

(1)

Unions

(1)

Institutional Review Boards

(1)

Preparing, Assembling, and Distributing the Survey Packet

(3)

Preparing the Contents of the Survey Packet

(1)

Distributing the Survey Through the Mail

(2)

Monitoring and Maximizing Response Rates

(10)

Monitoring Response Rates

(1)

Calculating Response Rates

(1)

What Is an Acceptable Response Rate?

(1)

Nonresponse Bias

(2)

Dealing With Nonresponse Bias

(1)

Ways to Maximize Response Rates

(7)

Prenotification: The Survey Is Coming! The Survey Is Coming!

(1)

Follow-Up Until You Drop

(2)

If They Won't Respond, Bribe Them

(1)

Make the Survey Meaningful

(1)

It's an Easy as TDM

(1)

What Works: A Summary

(1)

Practical Suggestions for Increasing Response Rates

(2)

Data Processing

101

(16)

Preparing for Data Entry: Data Coding for Closed-Ended Questions

101

(3)

Naming and Labeling Variables

102

(1)

Assigning Values to Responses

102

(1)

Designating Code(s) for Missing Values

103

(1)

Entering Data

104

(2)

Data File Organization

104

(1)

Data Entry for Computerized and Scannable Surveys

105

(1)

Manual Data Entry

105

(1)

Cleaning the Data File

106

(2)

Types of Data File Cleaning

107

(1)

Missing Data

108

(4)

Reasons for Missing Data

108

(1)

Assessing the Missing Data Problem

108

(1)

Handling Missing Data

109

(3)

Categorizing and Coding Open-Ended Answers

112

(3)

Creating Categories

112

(2)

Content Coding

114

(1)

Conclusions

115

(2)

Analyzing Data and Interpreting Results

117

(16)

Planning the Analyses

117

(2)

Analyzing the Data

119

(10)

A Review of the Sample and a Description of the Data

119

(1)

Describing the Respondents

119

(1)

Frequencies and Percentages

120

(2)

Means and Standard Deviations

122

(1)

Analyzing Subgroup Differences

122

(1)

Other Data Analysis Procedures

123

(2)

Poststratification Weighting

125

(4)

Interpreting the Results: What Do All the Findings Tell the Organization?

129

(2)

Comparing Findings With Other Findings From the Same Survey

129

(1)

Using Norms: Comparing Survey Findings to Other Standards

130

(1)

Conclusion

131

(2)

Presentation of Survey Findings

133

(14)

Oral and Written Presentations of the Survey Process

133

(1)

Organizing the Presentation

134

(4)

Introduction: Why Was the Survey Done?

134

(1)

Method: What Was Done and With Whom?

135

(1)

Results and Discussion: What Did the Survey Reveal?

136

(2)

Conclusions and Recommendations: What Are the Next Steps?

138

(1)

A Hodgepodge of Other Advice

138

(5)

Visual Aids

138

(2)

Practice

140

(2)

Handling Questions

142

(1)

How to Handle Negative News

142

(1)

Handling a Hostile Audience

143

(1)

Linking Survey Results to Action

143

(3)

Conclusions

146

(1)

References

147

(8)

Author Index

155

(4)

Subject Index

159

(4)

About the Authors

163

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How to Conduct Organizational Surveys : A Step-by-Step Guide

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials