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- ISBN: 9780805372113 | 0805372113
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 3/1/2005
Since its first edition Human Anatomy as been praised for its clarity of presentation, its outstanding visually-oriented illustration program, and its ability to help users understand anatomical structures. Past editions of Human Anatomy have won very prestigious awards, including the award for Textbook Excellence by the Text and Academic Authors Association and the award for Illustration Excellence by the Association of Medical Illustrators. Innovative pedagogical elements and a tightly integrated supplements package make this new edition an excellent choice for all anatomy studies. The exhaustive volume provides an introduction to anatomy and addresses cells, the tissue level of organization, integumentary system, the skeletal system, the muscular system, surface anatomy, the nervous system, the endocrine system, the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the reproductive system, and human development. For health care professionals of all kinds, massage therapists, forensic medical examiners and athletic trainers.
An Introduction to Anatomy | p. 1 |
Microscopic Anatomy | p. 2 |
Gross Anatomy | p. 3 |
Other Perspectives on Anatomy | p. 3 |
Levels of Organization | p. 4 |
An Introduction to Organ Systems | p. 6 |
The Language of Anatomy | p. 13 |
Superficial Anatomy | p. 13 |
Anatomical Landmarks | p. 13 |
Anatomical Regions | p. 14 |
Anatomical Directions | p. 15 |
Sectional Anatomy | p. 16 |
Planes and Sections | p. 16 |
Body Cavities | p. 18 |
Clinical Discussion: Sectional Anatomy and Clinical Technology | p. 21 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 23 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 784 |
Anatomy and Observation | |
The Cell | p. 26 |
The Study of Cells | p. 27 |
Cellular Anatomy | p. 27 |
The Cell Membrane | p. 29 |
Membrane Permeability: Passive Processes | p. 31 |
Membrane Permeability: Active Processes | p. 32 |
The Cytoplasm | p. 33 |
The Cytosol | p. 33 |
Organelles | p. 34 |
Nonmembranous Organelles | p. 34 |
The Cytoskeleton | p. 34 |
Microvilli | p. 35 |
Centrioles, Cilia, and Flagella | p. 36 |
Ribosomes | p. 37 |
Membranous Organelles | p. 37 |
Mitochondria | p. 37 |
The Nucleus | p. 38 |
The Endoplasmic Reticulum | p. 39 |
The Golgi Apparatus | p. 40 |
Lysosomes | p. 40 |
Peroxisomes | p. 42 |
Membrane Flow | p. 44 |
Intercellular Attachment | p. 42 |
The Cell Life Cycle | p. 44 |
Interphase | p. 44 |
Mitosis | p. 45 |
Clinical Brief: Cell Division and Cancer | p. 45 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 47 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 784 |
Causes of Cancer | |
The Tissue Level of Organization | p. 51 |
Epithelial Tissue | p. 52 |
Functions of Epithelial Tissue | p. 52 |
Embryology Summary: Formation of Tissues | p. 53 |
Specializations of Epithelial Cells | p. 54 |
Maintaining the Integrity of the Epithelium | p. 55 |
Intercellular Connections | p. 55 |
Attachment to the Basement Membrane | p. 55 |
Epithelial Maintenance and Renewal | p. 55 |
Classification of Epithelia | p. 56 |
Squamous Epithelia | p. 56 |
Cuboidal Epithelia | p. 57 |
Columnar Epithelia | p. 57 |
Glandular Epithelia | p. 57 |
Types of Secretion | p. 57 |
Gland Structure | p. 60 |
Modes of Secretion | p. 61 |
Embryology Summary: Development of Epithelia | p. 63 |
Connective Tissues | p. 62 |
Classification of Connective Tissues | p. 64 |
Connective Tissue Proper | p. 64 |
Cells of Connective Tissue Proper | p. 64 |
Connective Tissue Fibers | p. 65 |
Ground Substance | p. 66 |
Embryonic Tissues | p. 66 |
Loose Connective Tissues | p. 66 |
Dense Connective Tissues | p. 68 |
Fluid Connective Tissues | p. 68 |
Supporting Connective Tissues | p. 70 |
Cartilage | p. 70 |
Bone | p. 71 |
Clinical Brief: Sharks and the Fight Against Cancer ("Jaws" to the Rescue) | p. 71 |
Embryology Summary: Origins of Connective Tissues | p. 74 |
Membranes | p. 75 |
Mucous Membranes | p. 75 |
Serous Membranes | p. 75 |
The Cutaneous Membrane | p. 76 |
Synovial Membranes | p. 76 |
The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body | p. 76 |
Muscle Tissue | p. 77 |
Skeletal Muscle Tissue | p. 77 |
Cardiac Muscle Tissue | p. 77 |
Smooth Muscle Tissue | p. 77 |
Neural Tissue | p. 79 |
Tissues, Nutrition, and Aging | p. 79 |
Embryology Summary: Development of Organ Systems | p. 80 |
Clinical Discussion: Tumor Formation and Growth | p. 82 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 82 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 784 |
Infants and Brown Fat | |
Liposuction | |
Cartilages and Knee Injuries | |
Problems with Serous Membranes | |
Tissue Structure and Disease | |
The Integumentary System | p. 87 |
Integumentary Structure and Function | p. 88 |
The Epidermis | p. 89 |
Layers of the Epidermis | p. 89 |
Stratum Germinativum | p. 89 |
Stratum Spinosum | p. 90 |
Stratum Granulosum | p. 91 |
Stratum Lucidum | p. 91 |
Stratum Corneum | p. 91 |
Clinical Brief: Transdermal Drug Administration | p. 91 |
Thick and Thin Skin | p. 91 |
Epidermal Ridges | p. 91 |
Skin Color | p. 92 |
The Dermis | p. 93 |
Dermal Organization | p. 93 |
Wrinkles, Stretch Marks, and Lines of Cleavage | p. 94 |
Other Dermal Components | p. 95 |
The Blood Supply to the Skin | p. 95 |
The Nerve Supply to the Skin | p. 95 |
The Subcutaneous Layer | p. 95 |
Accessory Structures | p. 96 |
Hair Follicles and Hair | p. 96 |
Hair Production | p. 96 |
Follicle Structure | p. 96 |
Functions of Hair | p. 98 |
Types of Hairs | p. 98 |
Hair Color | p. 98 |
Growth and Replacement of Hair | p. 98 |
Glands in the Skin | p. 99 |
Sebaceous Glands | p. 99 |
Sweat Glands | p. 100 |
Control of Glandular Secretions | p. 101 |
Other Integumentary Glands | p. 101 |
Clinical Brief: Seborrheic Dermatitis | p. 100 |
Nails | p. 104 |
Local Control of Integumentary Function | p. 104 |
Clinical Brief: Anthrax | p. 105 |
Aging and the Integumentary System | p. 105 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Integumentary System | p. 102 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 106 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 786 |
Psoriasis and Xerosis | |
Skin Cancers | |
Dermatitis | |
Tumors in the Dermis | |
Baldness and Hirsutism | |
Acne | |
Inflammation of the Skin | |
Complications of Inflammation | |
Burns and Grafts | |
Scar Tissue Formation | |
Synthetic Skin | |
The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure | p. 112 |
Structure of Bone | p. 113 |
Histological Organization | p. 113 |
The Matrix of Bone | p. 113 |
The Cells of Bone | p. 113 |
Compact and Spongy Bone | p. 114 |
Structural Differences Between Compact and Spongy Bone | p. 114 |
Functional Differences Between Compact and Spongy Bone | p. 116 |
The Periosteum and Endosteum | p. 117 |
Clinical Brief: Rickets | p. 118 |
Bone Development and Growth | p. 118 |
Intramembranous Ossification | p. 118 |
Endochondral Ossification | p. 120 |
Increasing the Length of a Developing Bone | p. 120 |
Increasing the Diameter of a Developing Bone | p. 122 |
Formation of the Blood and Lymphatic Supply | p. 122 |
Bone Innervation | p. 122 |
Factors Regulating Bone Growth | p. 122 |
Bone Maintenance, Repair, and Remodeling | p. 124 |
Changes in Bone Shape | p. 124 |
Injury and Repair | p. 124 |
Aging and the Skeletal System | p. 125 |
Clinical Discussion: A Classification of Fractures | p. 126 |
Anatomy of Skeletal Elements | p. 126 |
Classification of Bones | p. 126 |
Bone Markings (Surface Features) | p. 127 |
Integration with Other Systems | p. 129 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 129 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 789 |
Inherited Abnormalities in Skeletal Development | |
Hyperostosis | |
Osteomalacia | |
Osteoporosis and Other Skeletal Abnormalities Associated with Aging | |
The Skeletal System: Axial Division | p. 133 |
The Skull and Associated Bones | p. 135 |
Bones of the Cranium | p. 142 |
Occipital Bone | p. 142 |
Parietal Bones | p. 142 |
Frontal Bone | p. 142 |
Temporal Bones | p. 142 |
Sphenoid | p. 147 |
Ethmoid | p. 148 |
The Cranial Fossae | p. 148 |
Bones of the Face | p. 150 |
The Maxillae | p. 150 |
The Palatine Bones | p. 150 |
The Nasal Bones | p. 150 |
The Inferior Nasal Conchae | p. 150 |
The Zygomatic Bones | p. 150 |
The Lacrimal Bones | p. 150 |
The Vomer | p. 150 |
The Mandible | p. 152 |
The Orbital and Nasal Complexes | p. 152 |
The Orbital Complex | p. 152 |
The Nasal Complex | p. 153 |
Clinical Brief: Sinus Problems and Septal Defects | p. 153 |
Hyoid Bone | p. 155 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Skull | p. 156 |
The Skulls of Infants, Children, and Adults | p. 161 |
Clinical Brief: Problems with Growth of the Skull | p. 161 |
The Vertebral Column | p. 163 |
Spinal Curvature | p. 164 |
Clinical Brief: Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis | p. 164 |
Vertebral Anatomy | p. 165 |
The Vertebral Body | p. 165 |
The Vertebral Arch | p. 165 |
The Articular Processes | p. 165 |
Vertebral Articulation | p. 165 |
Vertebral Regions | p. 166 |
Cervical Vertebrae | p. 166 |
Thoracic Vertebrae | p. 167 |
Lumbar Vertebrae | p. 170 |
The Sacrum | p. 171 |
The Coccyx | p. 171 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Vertebral Column | p. 172 |
Clinical Brief: Spina Bifida | p. 174 |
The Thoracic Cage | p. 174 |
The Ribs | p. 174 |
Clinical Brief: Cracked Ribs | p. 174 |
The Sternum | p. 174 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 176 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 789 |
The Thoracic Cage and Surgical Procedures | |
The Skeletal System: Appendicular Division | p. 180 |
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb | p. 182 |
The Pectoral Girdle | p. 182 |
The Clavicle | p. 182 |
The Scapula | p. 182 |
The Upper Limb | p. 185 |
The Humerus | p. 185 |
The Ulna | p. 185 |
The Radius | p. 190 |
The Carpal Bones | p. 190 |
The Hand | p. 190 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Appendicular Skeleton | p. 192 |
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb | p. 194 |
The Pelvic Girdle | p. 195 |
The Coxa | p. 195 |
The Pelvis | p. 195 |
The Lower Limb | p. 201 |
The Femur | p. 201 |
The Patella | p. 204 |
The Tibia | p. 204 |
The Fibula | p. 204 |
The Tarsus | p. 207 |
The Foot | p. 207 |
Individual Variation in the Skeletal System | p. 209 |
The Skeletal System: Articulations | p. 213 |
The Classification of Joints | p. 214 |
Synarthroses (Immovable Joints) | p. 214 |
Amphiarthroses (Slightly Movable Joints) | p. 214 |
Diarthroses (Freely Movable Joints) | p. 214 |
Synovial Fluid | p. 215 |
Accessory Structures | p. 215 |
Strength versus Mobility | p. 216 |
Clinical Brief: Dislocation of a Synovial Joint | p. 216 |
Articular Form and Function | p. 217 |
Describing Dynamic Motion | p. 217 |
Types of Movements | p. 217 |
Linear Motion (Gliding) | p. 218 |
Angular Motion | p. 218 |
Rotation | p. 218 |
Special Movements | p. 218 |
A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints | p. 218 |
Representative Articulations | p. 222 |
The Temporomandibular Joint | p. 222 |
Intervertebral Articulations | p. 222 |
The Intervertebral Discs | p. 222 |
Intervertebral Ligaments | p. 223 |
Vertebral Movements | p. 224 |
Clinical Discussion: Problems with the Intervertebral Discs | p. 224 |
The Sternoclavicular Joint | p. 224 |
The Shoulder Joint | p. 225 |
Ligaments | p. 227 |
Skeletal Muscles and Tendons | p. 227 |
Bursae | p. 227 |
Clinical Brief: Shoulder Injuries | p. 227 |
The Elbow Joint | p. 227 |
Joints of the Wrist | p. 229 |
Stability of the Wrist | p. 229 |
The Joints of the Hand | p. 230 |
The Hip Joint | p. 230 |
The Articular Capsule | p. 230 |
Stabilization of the Hip | p. 231 |
The Knee Joint | p. 232 |
The Articular Capsule | p. 232 |
Supporting Ligaments | p. 232 |
Locking of the Knee | p. 235 |
Joints of the Ankle and Foot | p. 000 |
The Ankle Joint | p. 235 |
Joints of the Foot | p. 236 |
Aging and Articulations | p. 236 |
Bones and Muscles | p. 238 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 238 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 790 |
The Thoracic Cage and Surgical Procedures | |
Rheumatism, Arthritis, and Synovial Function | |
Bursitis | |
Hip Fractures and the Aging Process | |
A Case Study: Bo Jackson's Hip Injury | |
Knee Injuries | |
Problems with the Ankle and Foot | |
The Muscular System: Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Muscle Organization | p. 244 |
Functions of Skeletal Muscle | p. 245 |
Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles | p. 245 |
Gross Anatomy | p. 245 |
Connective Tissue of Muscle | p. 245 |
Nerves and Blood Vessels | p. 246 |
Microanatomy of Skeletal Muscle Fibers | p. 247 |
Myofibrils and Myofilaments | p. 247 |
Sarcomere Organization | p. 247 |
Muscle Contraction | p. 251 |
The Sliding Filament Theory | p. 251 |
The Start of a Contraction | p. 251 |
The End of a Contraction | p. 252 |
Clinical Brief: Rigor Mortis | p. 253 |
The Neural Control of Muscle Fiber Contraction | p. 253 |
Muscle Contraction: A Summary | p. 254 |
Motor Units and Muscle Control | p. 255 |
Muscle Tone | p. 255 |
Muscle Hypertrophy | p. 255 |
Muscle Atrophy | p. 255 |
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers | p. 256 |
Distribution of Fast, Slow, and Intermediate Fibers | p. 256 |
The Organization of Skeletal Muscle Fibers | p. 257 |
Parallel Muscles | p. 257 |
Convergent Muscles | p. 257 |
Pennate Muscles | p. 258 |
Circular Muscles | p. 258 |
Levers: A Systems Design for Movement | p. 259 |
Classes of Levers | p. 259 |
Muscle Terminology | p. 260 |
Origins and Insertions | p. 260 |
Actions | p. 260 |
Names of Skeletal Muscles | p. 261 |
Aging and the Muscular System | p. 262 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 262 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 791 |
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy | |
Myasthenia Gravis | |
Polio | |
The Muscular System: Axial Musculature | p. 266 |
The Axial Musculature | p. 267 |
Muscles of the Head and Neck | p. 269 |
Muscles of Facial Expression | p. 269 |
Extraocular Muscles | p. 273 |
Muscles of Mastication | p. 273 |
Muscles of the Tongue | p. 274 |
Muscles of the Pharynx | p. 275 |
Anterior Muscles of the Neck | p. 276 |
Clinical Discussion: What's New? | p. 274 |
Muscles of the Vertebral Column | p. 278 |
Oblique and Rectus Muscles | p. 278 |
The Diaphragm | p. 278 |
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor | p. 283 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Muscular System | p. 286 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 285 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 791 |
Hernias | |
The Muscular System: The Appendicular Musculature | p. 290 |
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs | p. 291 |
Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle | p. 292 |
Muscles That Move the Arm | p. 295 |
Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand | p. 297 |
Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers | p. 299 |
Clinical Brief: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | p. 301 |
Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs | p. 305 |
Muscles That Move the Thigh | p. 305 |
Muscles That Move the Leg | p. 309 |
Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes | p. 313 |
Clinical Brief: Intramuscular Injections | p. 316 |
Clinical Discussion: Compartment Syndrome | p. 320 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 320 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 792 |
Sports Injuries | |
Surface Anatomy | p. 323 |
Regional Approach to Surface Anatomy | p. 324 |
The Head and Neck | p. 324 |
The Thorax | p. 326 |
The Anterior Thorax | p. 326 |
Back and Shoulder Regions | p. 326 |
The Abdomen | p. 327 |
The Upper Limb | p. 328 |
The Forearm and Wrist | p. 329 |
The Pelvis and Lower Limb | p. 330 |
The Knee, Leg, Ankle, and Foot | p. 331 |
The Nervous System: Neural Tissue | p. 334 |
An Overview of the Nervous System | p. 335 |
Cellular Organization in Neural Tissue | p. 336 |
Neuroglia | p. 337 |
Neuroglia of the CNS | p. 337 |
Neuroglia of the PNS | p. 339 |
Neurons | p. 342 |
Neuron Classification | p. 343 |
Neural Regeneration | p. 345 |
The Nerve Impulse | p. 346 |
Synaptic Communication | p. 346 |
Chemical Synapses | p. 346 |
Electrical Synapses | p. 347 |
Neuron Organization and Processing | p. 347 |
Embryology Summary: Introduction to the Development of the Nervous System | p. 349 |
Anatomical Organization of the Nervous System | p. 350 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 351 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 792 |
Axoplasmic Transport and Disease | |
Demyelination Disorders | |
Growth and Myelination of the Nervous System | |
The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves | p. 355 |
Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord | p. 356 |
Clinical Brief: Shingles | p. 356 |
Spinal Meninges | p. 356 |
The Dura Mater | p. 356 |
The Arachnoid | p. 359 |
The Pia Mater | p. 359 |
Clinical Discussion: Spinal Taps and Myelography | p. 360 |
Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord | p. 361 |
Organization of Gray Matter | p. 361 |
Organization of White Matter | p. 362 |
Clinical Brief: Spinal Cord Injuries | p. 362 |
Spinal Nerves | p. 362 |
Peripheral Distribution of Spinal Nerves | p. 363 |
Nerve Plexuses | p. 363 |
The Cervical Plexus | p. 364 |
The Brachial Plexus | p. 367 |
The Lumbar Sacral Plexuses | p. 370 |
Reflexes | p. 373 |
Classification of Reflexes | p. 373 |
Spinal Reflexes | p. 374 |
Higher Centers and Integration of Reflexes | p. 374 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves | p. 376 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 375 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 793 |
Spinal Meningitis | |
Spinal Anesthesia | |
Technology and Motor Paralysis | |
Multiple Sclerosis | |
Retlexes and Diagnostic Testing | |
The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves | p. 381 |
An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain | p. 382 |
Embryology of the Brain | p. 382 |
Major Regions and Landmarks | p. 382 |
Cerebrum | p. 382 |
Diencephalon | p. 383 |
Mesencephalon | p. 384 |
The Pons and Cerebellum | p. 384 |
Medulla Oblongata | p. 384 |
Gray Matter and White Matter Organization | p. 384 |
The Ventricles of the Brain | p. 384 |
Protection and Support of the Brain | p. 384 |
The Cranial Meninges | p. 384 |
The Dura Mater | p. 386 |
The Arachnoid | p. 386 |
The Pia Mater | p. 386 |
Clinical Brief: Epidural and Subdural Hemorrhages | p. 386 |
The Blood-Brain Barrier | p. 388 |
Cerebrospinal Fluid | p. 389 |
Formation of CSF | p. 389 |
Circulation of CSF | p. 390 |
Clinical Discussion: Hydrocephalus | p. 391 |
The Cerebrum | p. 391 |
The Cerebral Hemispheres | p. 391 |
The Cerebral Lobes | p. 391 |
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex | p. 392 |
Association Areas | p. 394 |
Integrative Centers | p. 394 |
The Central White Matter | p. 394 |
The Basal Nuclei | p. 394 |
Functions of the Basal Nuclei | p. 394 |
The Limbic System | p. 395 |
The Diencephalon | p. 400 |
The Epithalamus | p. 400 |
The Thalamus | p. 400 |
Functions of Thalamic Nuclei | p. 400 |
The Hypothalamus | p. 400 |
Functions of the Hypothalamus | p. 400 |
The Mesencephalon | p. 403 |
Clinical Brief: The Substantia Nigra and Parkinson's Disease | p. 403 |
The Pons | p. 405 |
The Cerebellum | p. 406 |
The Medulla Oblongata | p. 408 |
Cranial Nerves | p. 409 |
The Olfactory Nerve (N I) | p. 410 |
The Optic Nerve (N II) | p. 411 |
The Oculomotor Nerve (N III) | p. 412 |
The Trochlear Nerve (N IV) | p. 412 |
The Trigeminal Nerve (N V) | p. 412 |
Clinical Brief: Tic Douloureux | p. 414 |
Clinical Brief: Bell's Palsy | p. 414 |
The Abducens Nerve (N VI) | p. 414 |
The Facial Nerve (N VII) | p. 414 |
The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (N VIII) | p. 414 |
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (N IX) | p. 416 |
The Vagus Nerve (N X) | p. 417 |
The Accessory Nerve (N XI) | p. 418 |
The Hypoglossal Nerve (N XII) | p. 418 |
A Summary of Cranial Nerve Branches and Functions | p. 419 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Brain and Cranial Nerves | p. 420 |
Clinical Discussion: Cranial Reflexes | p. 422 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 422 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 794 |
Cranial Trauma | |
Cerebellar Dysfunction | |
The Nervous System: Pathways and Higher-Order Functions | p. 427 |
Sensory and Motor Pathways | p. 428 |
Sensory Pathways | p. 428 |
The Posterior Column Pathway | p. 428 |
The Spinothalamic Pathway | p. 431 |
The Spinocerebellar Pathway | p. 431 |
Motor Pathways | p. 432 |
The Corticospinal Pathway | p. 433 |
Clinical Brief: Cerebral Palsy | p. 000 |
Medial and Lateral Pathways | p. 434 |
The Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum | p. 435 |
Levels of Somatic Motor Control | p. 436 |
Clinical Brief: Anencephaly | p. 438 |
Higher-Order Functions | p. 438 |
Integrative Regions of the Cerebral Cortex | p. 438 |
The General Interpretive Area | p. 438 |
The Speech Center | p. 438 |
The Prefrontal Cortex | p. 438 |
Brodman Areas and Cortical Function | p. 439 |
Hemispheric Specialization | p. 439 |
Clinical Brief: Damage to the Integrative Centers | p. 440 |
Memory | p. 440 |
Clinical Brief: Disconnection Syndrome | p. 441 |
Consciousness: The Reticular Activating System | p. 441 |
Clinical Brief: Amnesia | p. 441 |
Clinical Discussion: Levels of Consciousness | p. 442 |
Aging and the Nervous System | p. 442 |
Clinical Brief: Cerebrovascular Diseases | p. 442 |
Clinical Brief: Alzheimer's Disease | p. 443 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 443 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 795 |
Tay-Sachs Disease | |
Huntington's Disease | |
The Nervous System: Autonomic Division | p. 447 |
An Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | p. 448 |
Pathways for Visceral Motor Output | p. 448 |
Subdivisions of the ANS | p. 448 |
Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) Division | p. 448 |
Parasympathetic (Craniosacral) Division | p. 448 |
Innervation Patterns | p. 448 |
The Sympathetic Division | p. 450 |
The Sympathetic Chain Ganglia | p. 450 |
Functions of the Sympathetic Chain | p. 452 |
Anatomy of the Sympathetic Chain | p. 445 |
Collateral Ganglia | p. 452 |
Functions of the Collateral Ganglia | p. 452 |
Anatomy of the Collateral Ganglia | p. 452 |
The Adrenal Medullae | p. 452 |
Effects of Sympathetic Stimulation | p. 454 |
Clinical Brief: Horner's Syndrome | p. 455 |
Sympathetic Activation and Neurotransmitter Release | p. 455 |
Membrane Receptors and Sympathetic Function | p. 455 |
Alpha and Beta Receptors | p. 456 |
Sympathetic Stimulation and ACh | p. 456 |
A Summary of the Sympathetic Division | p. 456 |
The Parasympathetic Division | p. 456 |
Organization and Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division | p. 456 |
General Functions of the Parasympathetic Division | p. 457 |
Parasympathetic Activation and Neurotransmitter Release | p. 459 |
Membrane Receptors and Responses | p. 459 |
A Summary of the Parasympathetic Division | p. 459 |
Relationships Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions | p. 459 |
Anatomy of Dual Innervation | p. 459 |
A Comparison of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions | p. 460 |
Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions | p. 460 |
Visceral Reflexes | p. 461 |
Higher Levels of Autonomic Control | p. 463 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 464 |
The Nervous System: General and Special Senses | p. 467 |
Receptors | p. 468 |
Interpretation of Sensory Information | p. 468 |
Central Processing and Adaptation | p. 468 |
Sensory Limitations | p. 469 |
The General Senses | p. 469 |
Nociceptors | p. 469 |
Thermoreceptors | p. 469 |
Mechanoreceptors | p. 470 |
Tactile Receptors | p. 470 |
Baroreceptors | p. 472 |
Proprioceptors | p. 472 |
Chemoreceptors | p. 472 |
Olfaction (Smell) | p. 472 |
Olfactory Receptors | p. 472 |
Olfactory Pathways | p. 474 |
Olfactory Discrimination | p. 474 |
Gustation (Taste) | p. 475 |
Gustatory Receptors | p. 475 |
Gustatory Pathways | p. 475 |
Gustatory Discrimination | p. 476 |
Equilibrium and Hearing | p. 476 |
The External Ear | p. 477 |
The Middle Ear | p. 477 |
The Auditory Ossicles | p. 477 |
Clinical Brief: Otitis Media and Mastoiditis | p. 479 |
The Inner Ear | p. 479 |
The Vestibular Complex and Equilibrium | p. 481 |
Clinical Brief: Nystagmus | p. 481 |
Hearing | p. 483 |
The Cochlea | p. 483 |
Sound Detection | p. 486 |
Clinical Brief: Hearing Loss | p. 486 |
Auditory Pathways | p. 486 |
Vision | p. 487 |
Accessory Structures of the Eye | p. 487 |
Eyelids | p. 487 |
The Lacrimal Apparatus | p. 488 |
The Eye | p. 489 |
The Fibrous Tunic | p. 489 |
The Vascular Tunic (Uvea) | p. 492 |
Clinical Brief: Conjunctivitis | p. 492 |
Clinical Brief: Corneal Transplants | p. 492 |
The Neural Tunic | p. 493 |
The Chambers of the Eye | p. 493 |
The Lens | p. 493 |
Clinical Brief: Glaucoma | p. 493 |
Visual Pathways | p. 495 |
Cortical Integration | p. 497 |
The Brain Stem and Visual Processing | p. 497 |
Clinical Brief: Cataracts | p. 497 |
Embryology Summary: Development of Special Sense Organs | p. 498 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 497 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 795 |
The Control of Pain | |
Assessment of Tactile Sensitivities | |
Vertigo, Dizziness, and Motion Sickness | |
Testing and Treating Hearing Deficits | |
Scotomas and Floaters | |
The Endocrine System | p. 506 |
An Overview of the Endocrine System | p. 507 |
The Hypothalamus and Endocrine Regulation | p. 509 |
The Pituitary Gland | p. 510 |
The Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland | p. 511 |
The Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland | p. 511 |
The Hypophyseal Portal System | p. 512 |
Hormones of the Anterior Lobe | p. 512 |
The Thyroid Gland | p. 513 |
Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid Hormones | p. 513 |
The C Cells of the Thyroid Gland | p. 513 |
The Parathyroid Glands | p. 515 |
The Thymus | p. 5116 |
The Adrenal Gland | p. 516 |
The Adrenal Cortex | p. 516 |
The Zona Glomerulosa | p. 518 |
The Zona Fasciculata | p. 518 |
The Zona Reticularis | p. 518 |
The Adrenal Medulla | p. 518 |
Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys and Heart | p. 519 |
The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissuesof the Digestive System | p. 519 |
The Pancreas | p. 519 |
Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System | p. 521 |
Testes | p. 521 |
Ovaries | p. 521 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Endocrine System | p. 522 |
The Pineal Gland | p. 524 |
Hormones and Aging | p. 524 |
Clinical Discussion: Endocrine Disorders | p. 524 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 525 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 796 |
Diabetes Insipidus | |
Thyroid Gland Disorders | |
Disorders of Parathyroid Function | |
Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex | |
Disorders of the Adrenal Medulla | |
Diabetes Mellitus | |
Endocrine Disorders | |
The Cardiovascular System: Blood | p. 532 |
Functions of the Blood | p. 533 |
Composition of the Blood | p. 533 |
Clinical Brief: Transfusions | p. 534 |
Plasma | p. 534 |
Differences Between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid | p. 534 |
The Plasma Proteins | p. 535 |
Clinical Brief: Plasma Expanders | p. 535 |
Formed Elements | p. 535 |
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) | p. 535 |
Clinical Brief: Anemia and Polycythemia | p. 536 |
Structure of RBCs | p. 536 |
RBC Life Span and Circulation | p. 537 |
RBCs and Hemoglobin | p. 538 |
Blood Types | p. 538 |
Clinical Brief: Erythrocytosis | p. 538 |
Clinical Brief: Elevating Hemoglobin Levels | p. 539 |
Clinical Brief: Testing for Compatibility | p. 540 |
White Blood Cells (WBCs) | p. 540 |
Granular Leukocytes | p. 541 |
Agranular Leukocytes | p. 541 |
Platelets | p. 541 |
Clinical Brief: Hemophilia | p. 543 |
Clinical Brief: Synthetic Blood | p. 543 |
Hempoiesis | p. 543 |
Erythropoiesis | p. 545 |
Stages in RBC Maturation | p. 545 |
Clinical Brief: Blood Doping | p. 545 |
Leukopoiesis | p. 545 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 546 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 797 |
Blood Tests and RBCs | |
Sickle Cell Anemia | |
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn | |
The Leukemias | |
Problems with the Clotting Process | |
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart | p. 549 |
An Overview of the Circulatory System | p. 550 |
The Pericardium | p. 550 |
Structure of the Heart Wall | p. 552 |
Cardiac Muscle Tissue | p. 000 |
The Intercalated Discs | p. 552 |
The Fibrous Skeleton | p. 552 |
Orientation and Superficial Anatomy of the Heart | p. 554 |
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart | p. 556 |
The Right Atrium | p. 556 |
The Right Ventricle | p. 556 |
The Left Atrium | p. 556 |
The Left Ventricle | p. 558 |
Structural Differences Between the Left and Right Ventricles | p. 558 |
The Structure and Function of Heart Valves | p. 558 |
Clinical Brief: Mitral Valve Prolapse | p. 558 |
Heart Sounds | p. 560 |
Coronary Blood Vessels | p. 560 |
The Right Coronary Artery | p. 560 |
The Left Coronary Artery | p. 560 |
The Cardiac Veins | p. 560 |
Clinical Discussion: Coronary Artery Disease | p. 562 |
The Cardiac Cycle | p. 563 |
The Coordination of Cardiac Contractions | p. 563 |
The Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Nodes | p. 564 |
The Conducting System of the Heart | p. 564 |
Clinical Brief: Myocardial Infarctions | p. 564 |
The Electrocardiogram (ECG) | p. 566 |
Autonomic Control of Heart Rate | p. 566 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Heart | p. 568 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 567 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 800 |
The Cardiomyopathies | |
Valvular Heart Disease | |
Infection and Intlammation of the Heart | |
Rheumatic Heart Disease and Valvular Stenosis | |
Problems with Pacemaker Function | |
Monitoring the Living Heart | |
The Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation | p. 572 |
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels | p. 573 |
Distinguishing Arteries from Veins | p. 574 |
Arteries | p. 575 |
Elastic Arteries | p. 575 |
Muscular Arteries | p. 575 |
Arterioles | p. 575 |
Capillaries | p. 575 |
Capillary Beds | p. 575 |
Veins | p. 577 |
Venules | p. 577 |
Medium-Sized Veins | p. 578 |
Large Veins | p. 578 |
Venous Valves | p. 578 |
Clinical Discussion: Arteriosclerosis | p. 578 |
The Distribution of Blood | p. 579 |
Blood Vessel Distribution | p. 579 |
The Pulmonary Circuit | p. 580 |
The Systemic Circuit | p. 580 |
Systemic Arteries | p. 580 |
Systemic Veins | p. 594 |
Cardiovascular Changes at Birth | p. 601 |
Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease | p. 603 |
Aging and the Cardiovascular System | p. 603 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Cardiovascular System | p. 604 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 603 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 801 |
Aneurysms | |
Problems with Venous Valve Function | |
The Lymphatic System | p. 612 |
An Overview of the Lymphatic System | p. 613 |
Functions of the Lymphatic System | p. 613 |
Structure of Lymphatic Vessels | p. 614 |
Lymphatic Capillaries | p. 615 |
Valves of Lymphatic Vessels | p. 615 |
Major Lymph-Collecting Vessels | p. 616 |
The Thoracic Duct | p. 617 |
The Right Lymphatic Duct | p. 617 |
Lymphocytes | p. 617 |
Types of Lymphocytes | p. 617 |
Lymphocytes and the Immune Response | p. 617 |
Distribution and Life Span of Lymphocytes | p. 619 |
Lymphopoiesis: Lymphocyte Production | p. 619 |
Lymphoid Tissues | p. 620 |
Lymphoid Organs | p. 621 |
Lymph Nodes | p. 621 |
Distribution of Lymphoid Tissues and Lymph Nodes | p. 622 |
Clinical Brief: Lymphadenopathy and Metastatic Cancer | p. 623 |
The Thymus | p. 624 |
The Spleen | p. 624 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Lymphatic System | p. 629 |
Age and the Lymphatic System | p. 628 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 628 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 801 |
Lymphedema | |
SCID | |
AIDS | |
Infected Lymphatic Nodules | |
Lymphomas | |
Breast Cancer | |
Disorders of the Spleen | |
Immune Disorders | |
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | |
The Respiratory System | p. 634 |
Overview of the Respiratory System | p. 635 |
Functions of the Respiratory System | p. 636 |
The Respiratory Epithelium | p. 636 |
Clinical Brief: Cystic Fibrosis | p. 637 |
The Upper Respiratory System | p. 637 |
The Nose and Nasal Cavity | p. 637 |
The Pharynx | p. 637 |
The Nasopharynx | p. 639 |
The Oropharynx | p. 639 |
The Laryngopharynx | p. 639 |
The Lower Respiratory System | p. 639 |
The Larynx | p. 639 |
Cartilages of the Larynx | p. 639 |
Laryngeal Ligaments | p. 641 |
The Laryngeal Musculature | p. 641 |
The Trachea | p. 642 |
Clinical Brief: Tracheal Blockage | p. 642 |
The Primary Bronchi | p. 642 |
The Lungs | p. 645 |
Lobes of the Lungs | p. 645 |
Lung Surfaces | p. 645 |
The Pulmonary Bronchi | p. 000 |
Branches of the Right Primary Bronchus | p. 645 |
Branches of the Left Primary Bronchus | p. 645 |
Branches of the Secondary Bronchi | p. 648 |
The Bronchopulmonary Segments | p. 648 |
Clinical Brief: Asthma | p. 648 |
The Bronchioles | p. 648 |
Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli | p. 648 |
The Alveolus and the Respiratory Membrane | p. 648 |
Clinical Brief: Emphysema | p. 648 |
The Blood Supply to the Lungs | p. 651 |
The Pleural Cavities and Membranes | p. 651 |
Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation | p. 654 |
Respiratory Muscles | p. 654 |
Respiratory Movements | p. 654 |
Respiratory Changes at Birth | p. 654 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Respiratory System | p. 652 |
Respiratory Centers of the Brain | p. 655 |
Clinical Brief: Artificial Respiration and CPR | p. 656 |
Aging and the Respiratory System | p. 656 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 656 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 804 |
Overloading the Respiratory Defenses | |
Nosebleeds | |
Disorders of the Larynx | |
Bronchitis | |
Examining the Living Lung | |
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) | |
Tuberculosis | |
Pneumonia | |
Pulmonary Embolism | |
Pneumothorax | |
Thoracentesis | |
Lung Cancer, Smoking, and Diet | |
The Digestive System | p. 662 |
An Overview of the Digestive System | p. 663 |
Histological Organization of the Digestive Tract | p. 663 |
The Mucosa | p. 663 |
The Submucosa | p. 664 |
The Muscularis Externa | p. 664 |
The Serosa | p. 664 |
Muscularis Layers and the Movement of Digestive Materials | p. 665 |
Peristalsis | p. 666 |
Segmentation | p. 666 |
The Peritoneum | p. 667 |
Clinical Brief: Peritonitis | p. 667 |
Mesenteries | p. 667 |
The Oral Cavity | p. 667 |
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity | p. 667 |
The Tongue | p. 669 |
Salivary Glands | p. 672 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Digestive System | p. 670 |
Clinical Brief: Mumps | p. 673 |
The Teeth | p. 673 |
Clinical Brief: Dental Problems | p. 675 |
The Pharynx | p. 675 |
The Swallowing Process | p. 675 |
The Esophagus | p. 676 |
Histology of the Esophageal Wall | p. 676 |
The Stomach | p. 677 |
Anatomy of the Stomach | p. 677 |
Mesenteries of the Stomach | p. 677 |
Blood Supply to the Stomach | p. 680 |
Musculature of the Stomach | p. 680 |
Histology of the Stomach | p. 680 |
Clinical Brief: Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers | p. 681 |
Regulation of the Stomach | p. 681 |
The Small Intestine | p. 681 |
Clinical Brief: Drastic Weight Loss Techniques | p. 683 |
Regions of the Small Intestine | p. 683 |
The Duodenum | p. 683 |
The Jejunum | p. 683 |
The Ileum | p. 683 |
Support of the Small Intestine | p. 683 |
Histology of the Small Intestine | p. 685 |
The Intestinal Epithelium | p. 685 |
Intestinal Crypts | p. 685 |
The Lamina Propria | p. 685 |
Regional Specializations | p. 686 |
Regulation of the Small Intestine | p. 686 |
The Large Intestine | p. 686 |
The Cecum | p. 686 |
The Colon | p. 688 |
Regions of the Colon | p. 688 |
The Rectum | p. 688 |
Histology of the Large Intestine | p. 688 |
Regulation of the Large Intestine | p. 689 |
Accessory Digestive Organs | p. 689 |
The Liver | p. 689 |
Anatomy of the Liver | p. 690 |
Histological Organization of the Liver | p. 690 |
The Gallbladder | p. 693 |
Clinical Brief: Problems with Bile Storage and Secretion | p. 694 |
The Pancreas | p. 693 |
Histological Organization of the Pancreas | p. 695 |
Pancreatic Enzymes | p. 695 |
The Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion | p. 695 |
Clinical Brief: Pancreatitis | p. 695 |
Aging and the Digestive System | p. 695 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 696 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 806 |
Achalasia and Esophagitis | |
Stomach Cancer | |
Gastroenteritis | |
Diverticulitis and Colitis | |
Cirrhosis | |
The Urinary System | p. 702 |
The Kidneys | p. 703 |
Superficial Anatomy of the Kidney | p. 703 |
Sectional Anatomy of the Kidney | p. 703 |
The Blood Supply to the Kidneys | p. 705 |
Innervation of the Kidneys | p. 705 |
Histology of the Kidney | p. 708 |
An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Nephron | p. 708 |
The Renal Corpuscle | p. 708 |
The Proximal Convoluted Tubule | p. 709 |
The Loop of Henle | p. 712 |
The Distal Convoluted Tubule | p. 712 |
The Collecting System | p. 712 |
Clinical Discussion: Examination of the Kidneys and Urinary System | p. 713 |
Structures for Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination | p. 712 |
The Ureters | p. 714 |
Histology of the Ureters | p. 714 |
The Urinary Bladder | p. 714 |
Histology of the Urinary Bladder | p. 714 |
Clinical Brief: Problems with the Conducting System | p. 714 |
The Urethra | p. 714 |
Histology of the Urethra | p. 716 |
Clinical Brief: Urinary Tract Infections | p. 716 |
The Micturition Reflex and Urination | p. 717 |
Aging and the Urinary System | p. 717 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Urinary System | p. 718 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 717 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 806 |
Urine Composition | |
Hemodialysis | |
Problems with the Micturition Reflex | |
The Reproductive System: Organization of the Reproductive System | p. 725 |
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System | p. 725 |
The Testes | p. 725 |
Descent of the Testes | p. 725 |
The Spermatic Cord | p. 725 |
Clinical Brief: Cryptorchidism | p. 727 |
The Scrotum and the Position of the Testes | p. 728 |
Structure of the Testes | p. 728 |
Histology of the Testes | p. 728 |
Spermatogenesis and Meiosis | p. 729 |
Spermiogenesis | p. 729 |
Sustentacular Cells | p. 731 |
Anatomy of a Spermatozoon | p. 731 |
The Male Reproductive Tract | p. 732 |
The Epididymis | p. 732 |
The Ductus Deferens | p. 732 |
The Urethra | p. 732 |
The Accessory Glands | p. 733 |
The Seminal Vesicles | p. 733 |
The Prostate Gland | p. 735 |
The Bulbourethral Glands | p. 735 |
Clinical Brief: Prostatitis | p. 735 |
Semen | p. 735 |
The Penis | p. 735 |
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System | p. 737 |
The Ovaries | p. 737 |
The Ovarian Cycle and Oogenesis | p. 740 |
Age and Oogenesis | p. 742 |
The Uterine Tubes | p. 742 |
Histology of the Uterine Tube | p. 742 |
Clinical Brief: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | p. 742 |
The Uterus | p. 743 |
Suspensory Ligaments of the Uterus | p. 743 |
Internal Anatomy of the Uterus | p. 743 |
The Uterine Wall | p. 744 |
Clinical Brief: Cervical Cancer | p. 745 |
Blood Supply to the Uterus | p. 745 |
Histology of the Uterus | p. 745 |
The Uterine Cycle | p. 745 |
The Vagina | p. 747 |
Histology of the Vagina | p. 748 |
Clinical Brief: Vaginitis | p. 748 |
The External Genitalia | p. 749 |
The Mammary Glands | p. 749 |
Development of the Mammary Glands During Pregnancy | p. 750 |
Embryology Summary: Development of the Reproductive System | p. 751 |
Pregnancy and the Female Reproductive System | p. 754 |
Aging and the Reproductive System | p. 754 |
Menopause | p. 754 |
The Male Climacteric | p. 754 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 754 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 807 |
Testicular Torsion | |
Prostate Cancer | |
Uterine Tumors and Cancers | |
Sexually Transmitted Diseases | |
Conception Control | |
Human Development: An Overview of Development | p. 761 |
Fertilization | p. 761 |
The Oocyte at Ovulation | p. 761 |
Pronucleus Formation and Amphimixis | p. 761 |
Prenatal Development | p. 762 |
The First Trimester | p. 762 |
Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation | p. 763 |
Implantation | p. 764 |
Placentation | p. 766 |
Embryogenesis | p. 766 |
The Second and Third Trimesters | p. 772 |
Labor and Delivery | p. 774 |
Stages of Labor | p. 774 |
The Dilation Stage | p. 774 |
The Expulsion Stage | p. 774 |
The Placental Stage | p. 774 |
Clinical Brief: Forceps Deliveries and Breech Births | p. 774 |
Premature Labor | p. 774 |
The Neonatal Period | p. 774 |
Clinical Brief: Evaluating the Newborn Infant | p. 776 |
Related Clinical Terms | p. 776 |
Related Clinical Issues | p. 809 |
Chromosomal Analysis | |
Technology and the Treatment of Infertility | |
Problems with the Implantation Process | |
Problems with Placentation | |
Teratogens and Abnormal Development | |
Complexity and Perfection: An Improbable Dream | |
Appendixes | p. 783 |
Clinical Issues | p. 784 |
Weights and Measures | p. 811 |
Answers to Review Questions | p. 813 |
Foreign Word Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms | p. 823 |
Eponyms in Common Use | p. 824 |
Glossary of Key Terms | p. 826 |
Index | p. 847 |
Photo Credits | p. 867 |
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