Human Factors in the Maritime Domain

Explore the Role People Play within Safety Critical Systems Single Volume Consolidates Information Previously Scattered throughout the Literature The piecemeal fashion in which human factors research has been conducted in the maritime domain makes information retrieval available only by scanning through numerous research journals and conference papers. Bringing together human factors information from this and other domains, Human Factors in the Maritime Domainintegrates a common body of knowledge into one single volume. A Holistic Approach Based on a Socio-Technical System The book provides the vital background information necessary to acquire a core knowledge base and a much-needed overview of human factors within the maritime domain. It starts by putting the topic into an historical and theoretical context, moves onto more specific and detailed topics and contemporary thinking in human factors,then reviews new maritime technology. The authors take a holistic approach based on a model of the socio-technical system of work in the maritime domain. They synthesize available knowledge and research, then present in an easily acceptable framework with example, illustrations, and case studies whenever possible, making the text rigorous, useful, and enjoyable. Experts Provide a Theoretical and Scientific Perspective The three authors draw on a range of diverse backgrounds including working as a maritime surveyor, transport consultant, human factors lecturer, and mechanical engineer. They have undertaken maritime research in Denmark, Australia, Malta, and the UK. They have published several other human factor books on related topics. This combination of human factors knowledge, maritime wisdom, and substantial publication experience results in a book that is effective and practical.

Tim Horberry is associate professor of human factors at the University of Queensland, Australia.

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xv
The Authors	p. xvii
Introduction to maritime human factors	p. 1
History and development of maritime human factors	p. 1
Early days: hazards of shipping	p. 1
1800s to World War II: birth of international ship safety regulations	p. 3
World War II to the end of the 1960s: beginnings of maritime human factors	p. 4
1970s and beyond	p. 6
Complexity of commercial shipping	p. 8
Organizational change in shipping	p. 9
The regulatory aspect	p. 9
The classification aspect	p. 10
Human factors	p. 11
Human factors and the maritime domain	p. 12
Crewing numbers	p. 13
New technology	p. 15
Crew demographics and social factors	p. 16
Accidents and human error	p. 17
The accident pyramid	p. 17
The human error concept	p. 18
The sociotechnical system model	p. 19
Why a sociotechnical system model?	p. 19
Maritime organizations and the sociotechnical system	p. 19
Development of the sociotechnical system model	p. 20
The sociotechnical system model	p. 23
Application of the sociotechnical system model	p. 25
Conclusion	p. 32
Individual factors: Psychological capabilities and limitations	p. 33
Introduction	p. 33
Human senses	p. 34
Vision	p. 34
Hearing	p. 37
Tactile senses	p. 39
Vestibular senses	p. 40
Perception	p. 42
Cognition	p. 44
Memory and knowledge	p. 44
Attention	p. 46
Situation awareness	p. 47
Decision making	p. 51
Behavior	p. 52
Skill-based behavior	p. 53
Rule-based behavior	p. 53
Knowledge-based behavior	p. 54
Automated behavior	p. 54
Risk-taking behavior	p. 54
Conclusion	p. 55
Individual-task interaction factors	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
Work, rest, and work-rest cycles	p. 58
Occupational fatigue	p. 58
Example: fatigue in watchkeeping	p. 58
Prolonged working hours	p. 61
Rest breaks	p. 61
Nightwork, shiftwork, and the circadian rhythm	p. 62
Mental workload	p. 64
Workload and capacity	p. 64
Simultaneous tasks and distraction	p. 65
Physical workload	p. 65
Muscular work	p. 66
Dynamic and static muscular effort	p. 66
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders	p. 67
Anthropometrics and anatomy	p. 67
General principles of workstation design on ships	p. 68
Stress	p. 69
Illness, concerns, anxiety, and pressures	p. 70
Effect of physical illness	p. 70
Effect of concerns, anxiety, and pressures	p. 71
Alcohol	p. 71
Conclusion	p. 72
Communication and team work	p. 73
Introduction	p. 73
Communication	p. 73
Multimodal communication	p. 75
Context and mutual understanding	p. 77
Closed-loop communication	p. 78
Social role and power	p. 79
Four dimensions of verbal communication	p. 80
Transaction analysis	p. 82
Teamwork	p. 83
Authority gradient	p. 83
Leadership styles	p. 85
Autocratic leadership style	p. 85
Laissez-faire leadership style	p. 86
Self-centered leadership style	p. 86
Democratic leadership style	p. 86
Leadership style summary	p. 86
Conclusion	p. 87
Work environment	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
Noise	p. 90
Noise and sound	p. 90
Noise exposure effects	p. 91
Hearing impairments	p. 91
Increases in stress	p. 92
Decrements in performance	p. 92
Sleep disturbances	p. 92
Communication interferences	p. 93
Protection strategies	p. 93
Reduce noise at source	p. 93
Reduce exposure	p. 93
Management strategies	p. 94
Vibration	p. 94
Whole body vibration	p. 94
Measuring vibration	p. 95
Protection strategies	p. 96
Lighting	p. 96
Why we need to consider lighting	p. 96
Light, illumination, and luminance	p. 96
Indoor lighting	p. 97
Visual comfort	p. 97
Level of illumination	p. 97
Spatial balance of surface luminance	p. 97
Temporal uniformity of lighting	p. 98
Avoidance of glare with appropriate lights	p. 98
Summary	p. 98
Climatic conditions	p. 99
Temperature	p. 99
Humidity	p. 99
Air movements	p. 100
Air quality	p. 100
Body temperature regulation	p. 100
Management of heat and cold stress	p. 101
Heat stress	p. 101
Cold stress	p. 102
Accommodation and social factors	p. 102
Ship motions	p. 103
Seasickness	p. 103
Motion-induced interruptions	p. 104
Motion-induced fatigue	p. 104
Prevention strategies	p. 105
Physical environment standards	p. 105
Conclusion	p. 107
Interacting with technology	p. 109
Introduction	p. 109
Importance of human-machine interaction in maritime safety	p. 110
Types of HMI problems on ships	p. 110
Lack of equipment standardization	p. 111
Lack of equipment usability	p. 114
Automation issues	p. 114
Specific issues in the design and integration of maritime equipment	p. 116
Controls and displays	p. 117
Warnings and alarms	p. 118
Visual warnings	p. 119
Audible warnings (alarms)	p. 119
E-Navigation	p. 120
Crew responses to technology	p. 122
Operator workload	p. 122
Behavioral adaptation	p. 123
Loss of skills	p. 123
Understanding the limitations of the technology	p. 123
Crew acceptance	p. 124
Technology and situation awareness	p. 124
Possible solutions for the maritime domain and further work in this area	p. 125
Conclusion	p. 127
Organization, society and culture	p. 129
Introduction	p. 129
From individual to organizational failure	p. 130
To blame or not to blame	p. 130
Active and latent failures	p. 132
Drift into failure	p. 134
Culture in the maritime work environment	p. 135
National culture	p. 135
Professional culture	p. 136
Organizational culture	p. 136
From organizational culture to safety culture	p. 137
Safety culture	p. 138
Safety control strategies	p. 143
Safety management systems	p. 144
Crew resource management	p. 146
Procedures and job aids	p. 148
Procedural and adaptive training	p. 150
Warnings	p. 151
Maintenance failures	p. 152
Practice	p. 154
Conclusion	p. 155
Methods for data collection	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
Why collect human factors data?	p. 158
An introduction to maritime human factors methods	p. 158
Collecting maritime human factors data	p. 159
Where to conduct the study	p. 159
What to examine	p. 159
What measures to record	p. 160
Who to study	p. 160
How to collect the data	p. 160
How to analyze the data	p. 160
Study requirements	p. 160
Overview of maritime human factors data collection methods	p. 161
Accidents and incident analysis	p. 161
Simulations/human performance studies	p. 161
Eye movements/visual behavior	p. 161
Concurrent or retrospective verbal protocols	p. 161
Environmental measuring	p. 162
Physical measuring	p. 162
Task analyses	p. 162
Checklists/standards/audits	p. 162
"Walk-through" evaluations	p. 162
Computer-aided design/evaluations	p. 163
Observations	p. 163
Interviews/focus groups/questionnaires	p. 163
Log books	p. 163
Application of data acquisition and analysis techniques to key human factors issues	p. 163
Fatigue	p. 164
Workload	p. 164
Physical workload	p. 164
Mental workload	p. 165
Accident analysis and the importance of incident and near-miss data	p. 166
Maritime accident reports	p. 167
Accident versus incident and near-miss data	p. 168
Human reliability analysis	p. 169
Safety climate/safety culture questionnaires and surveys	p. 170
Cost-benefit analysis and human factors	p. 171
Conclusions	p. 173
The future: Trends in maritime human factors	p. 175
References	p. 181
Glossary	p. 185
Index	p. 189
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

FREE SHIPPING

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Human Factors in the Maritime Domain

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials