Human Growth After Birth

The new edition covers recent concepts in cell growth inhibitors. This book also contains the latest information on genes and the human genome. The sections on the growth of the CNS and on reproduction and infertility have been revised in line with current thinking. The references have been fully updated and boxed further reading has been added. Key points are highlighted throughout, and there are a number of new illustrations.

1. Nature of growth

1

(23)

Definition

1

(2)

Major factors in controlling growth

3

(1)

Molecular biology, genetics, and growth

3

(1)

Processes of growth

4

(11)

Cell growth, division and the cell cycle

5

(6)

Cell differentiation

11

(2)

Regulation of cell populations

13

(1)

Growth of intercellular matrix

14

(1)

Phases of growth

15

(2)

Growth curves

17

(2)

Mathematical models of growth

19

(5)

2. Growth in height and weight

24

(31)

Growth in height

24

(9)

Growth curves and growth charts

24

(3)

Growth charts

27

(2)

Variations in growth rates with age

29

(4)

Prediction of adult height

33

(15)

Growth in weight

36

(1)

Growth curves and growth charts

37

(3)

The body mass index

40

(1)

Causes of increase in weight

40

(2)

Obesity

42

(3)

Diet and anorexia

45

(1)

Changes in body composition

46

(1)

Changes in body composition with age

47

(1)

The merits of size

48

(2)

Short stature and gigantism

50

(4)

The problems of extremes of size

52

(2)

Resource

54

(1)

3. Growth of tissues

55

(20)

Connective tissue

55

(1)

Body fat

56

(2)

Skin

58

(1)

Muscle and tendon

59

(3)

Nervous tissue

62

(2)

Cartilage and Bone

64

(9)

Formation and growth of cartilage

64

(1)

Ossification

65

(1)

Growth of short bones

66

(1)

Growth of long bones

67

(6)

Growth of movable joints

73

(1)

Body symmetry and asymmetry

73

(2)

4. Growth of systems

75

(26)

Patterns of growth

75

(1)

Lymphoid pattern

75

(1)

Neural pattern

75

(1)

Gonadal pattern

75

(1)

The skeleton

76

(10)

The limbs

76

(3)

Skull and mandible

79

(5)

Vertebral column

84

(2)

Ribs and sternum

86

(1)

Nervous system

86

(2)

Cardiovascular system

88

(3)

Haemopoietic system

91

(1)

Lymphatic system

92

(1)

Respiratory system

93

(1)

Digestive system

94

(1)

Urinary system

95

(1)

Reproductive system

95

(4)

Endocrine system

99

(2)

5. Indices of Maturity

101

(20)

Bone age

101

(4)

Dental age

105

(2)

Sexual age and puberty

107

(6)

Age of menarche

110

(3)

Estimation of chronological age from anatomical data

113

(1)

Neural age

114

(2)

Mental age

116

(2)

Physiological age

118

(1)

Late and early development

119

(2)

6. Changes in shape and posture

121

(22)

The allometry equation

121

(1)

Shape of the infant

122

(2)

Changes in shape with growth

124

(3)

Classification of physique

127

(6)

Changes in posture with growth

133

(7)

Drawbacks of the erect posture

140

(3)

7. Genetic and hormonal factors influencing growth and maturation

143

(12)

Genetic control

143

(3)

Neural control

146

(1)

Local control

147

(1)

Hormonal control

147

(8)

Growth hormone

148

(1)

Insulin-like growth factors and insulin

149

(1)

Growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin

150

(1)

Thyroid and parathyroid hormones

150

(1)

Other hormones

151

(1)

Steroid hormones and the adrenal glands

151

(2)

Hormonal treatment

153

(2)

8. Environmental factors influencing growth and maturation

155

(16)

Environmental effects on the body

155

(1)

Nutrition

156

(4)

The role of proteins

158

(1)

Trace elements

159

(1)

Vitamins

159

(1)

Altitude

160

(2)

Oxygen

162

(1)

Secular trends

162

(2)

Socio-economic class

164

(1)

Disease

165

(2)

Antenatal insults

167

(1)

Seasonal effects

168

(1)

Climate

169

(1)

Exercise

169

(1)

Emotion

170

(1)

9. Growth and repair

171

(22)

Growth cycles: wear and tear

171

(4)

Growth activity in the reproductive tract

175

(2)

Regeneration

177

(2)

Repair of skin

179

(3)

Repair of fractures

182

(4)

Repair of other tissues and organs

186

(2)

The nervous system

186

(1)

Muscle

186

(1)

Joints and tendons

186

(1)

Other tissues and organs

187

(1)

Regeneration of peripheral nerve

188

(5)

10. Disturbances of growth

193

(21)

General disturbances

193

(9)

Achondroplasia

193

(1)

Down syndrome

193

(1)

Other genetic conditions affecting growth

194

(1)

Nutritional effects

195

(1)

Role of growth hormone

195

(1)

Pituitary dwarfism and growth hormone replacement

196

(3)

Thyroid hormone

199

(1)

Adrenal gland hormones

199

(1)

Sex hormones

200

(1)

Insulin

201

(1)

Parathyroid hormone

201

(1)

Progeria

201

(1)

Constitutional delayed growth

201

(1)

Determination of progress

202

(1)

Local disturbances

202

(7)

Hyperplasia, hypoplasia, and hypertrophy

205

(3)

Atrophy

208

(1)

Malignancy and cancer

209

(5)

Chemical irritants and cancers

211

(1)

Viruses, genes, and other factors

211

(3)

11. Old age

214

(25)

Senescence

214

(2)

Ageing of cells and tissues

216

(5)

Changes in cells

216

(3)

Degeneration

219

(1)

Changes in tissue matrix

219

(2)

Ageing of systems

221

(12)

Locomotor system

221

(3)

Nervous system

224

(2)

Cardiovascular system

226

(1)

Haemopoietic system

227

(1)

Lymphatic system

228

(1)

Respiratory system

229

(1)

Digestive system

229

(1)

Urinary and reproductive systems

230

(1)

Endocrine system

231

(1)

Skin

232

(1)

Theories of ageing

233

(6)

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Human Growth After Birth

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials