The Human Nervous System

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ISBN: 9780125476256 | 0125476256
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/1/1990

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The Human Nervous System is a definitive account of human neuroanatomy, with a comprehensive coverage of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. The cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecture, connectivity, and major functions of neuronal structures are examined by acknowledged authorities in the field, such as: Alheid, Amaral, Armstrong, Beitz, Burke, de Olmos, Difiglia, Garey, Gerrits, Gibbins, Holstege, Kaas, Martin, McKinley, Norgren, Ohye, Paxinos, Pearson, Pioro, Price, Saper, Sasaki, Schoenen, Tadork, Voogd, Webster, Zilles, and their associates. Key Features * Large, clearly designed 8-1/2" x 11" format * 35 information-packed chapters * 500 photomicrographs and diagrams * 6,200 bibliographic entries * Table of contents for every chapter * Exceptionally cross-referenced * Detailed subject index * Substantial original research work * Mini atlases of some brain regions

Contributors	p. xiii
Preface	p. xvii
Evolution and Development
Brain Evolution
Historical Pattern of Vertebrate Brain Evolution	p. 4
Developmental Mechanisms Underlying Brain Evolution	p. 9
Evolution of Uniquely Human Brains	p. 13
Conclusions	p. 16
References	p. 16
Embryonic Development of the Central Nervous System
Developmental Stages and Ages	p. 23
Areas with Special Inductive Influence	p. 23
Neurulation	p. 24
Neurocytogenesis	p. 26
Development of the Neural Plate and Groove	p. 28
The Brain from 4 to 6 Postfertilizational Weeks	p. 29
Some Individual Regions of the Brain	p. 30
Ventricles, Choroid Plexuses, and Circumventricular Organs	p. 43
The Cerebral Arteries	p. 44
Measurements	p. 44
Summary	p. 45
References	p. 46
Fetal Development of the Central Nervous System
Cerebral cortex	p. 49
Deep Telencephalic Nuclei	p. 57
Diencephalon	p. 69
Midbrain	p. 76
Cerebellum and Precerebellar Nuclei	p. 78
Pons and Medulla	p. 81
Spinal Cord	p. 84
Acknowledgment	p. 86
References	p. 86
Development of the Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves	p. 95
Somatic Peripheral Nervous System	p. 102
Automatic and Enteric Nervous System	p. 104
References	p. 107
Peripheral Nervous System and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Motor System
Composition of Muscle Nerves	p. 113
Muscle Receptors	p. 115
Features of Muscle	p. 122
Muscle Units and Motor Units	p. 126
Acknowledgment	p. 129
References	p. 129
Peripheral Autonomic Pathways
General Organization of Autonomic Pathways	p. 134
Cranial Autonomic Pathways	p. 138
Sympathetic Pathways	p. 152
Pelvic Autonomic Pathways	p. 162
Enteric Plexuses	p. 167
Adrenal Medulla and Paraganglia	p. 170
Concluding Remarks	p. 171
Acknowledgments	p. 171
References	p. 171
Spinal Cord: Cyto- and Chemoarchitecture
Cyto- and Dendroarchitecture	p. 190
Chemoarchitecture	p. 209
Myeloarchitecture	p. 224
Acknowledgments	p. 227
References	p. 228
Spinal Cord: Connections
Propriospinal Pathways	p. 233
Afferent Pathways	p. 235
Efferent Pathways	p. 243
References	p. 247
Spinal Cord in Relation to the Peripheral Nervous System
The Spinal Cord-Spinal Nerve Root Junction	p. 251
Developmental Aspects	p. 254
Experimental Studies of the Transitional Region	p. 255
Brachial and Lumbosacral Plexuses	p. 259
References	p. 262
Organization of Human Brain Stem Nuclei
Autonomic Regulatory Centers	p. 273
Reticular Formation	p. 301
Tegmental Nuclei	p. 305
Locus Coeruleus	p. 306
Raphe Nuclei	p. 307
Ventral Mesencephalic Tegmentum and Substantia Nigra	p. 307
Cranial Motor Nuclei	p. 308
Somatosensory System	p. 309
Vestibular Nuclei	p. 312
Auditory System	p. 312
Visual System	p. 314
Precerebellar Nuclei and Red Nucleus	p. 314
Conclusion	p. 316
References	p. 317
Cerebellum and Precerebellar Nuclei
External Form, Development, and Subdivision of the Human Cerebellum	p. 322
Cerebellar Nuclei	p. 331
Cerebellar Peduncles: Topography of Pathways from the Human Cerebellar Nuclei	p. 336
Afferent Fiber Systems	p. 355
The Vestibulocerebellum	p. 374
Longitudinal Zonation of the Cerebellum	p. 375
Acknowledgments	p. 382
References	p. 382
Periaqueductal Gray
External Boundaries of the Periaqueductal Gray	p. 393
Internal boundaries of the Periaqueductal Gray	p. 394
Chemoarchitecture of the Primate Periaqueductal Gray	p. 400
Connectivity of the Primate Periaqueductal Gray	p. 405
Functional Aspects	p. 413
Conclusion	p. 417
References	p. 418
Raphe Nuclei
Divisions of the Raphe Nuclei	p. 425
Connectivity	p. 430
Functional Considerations	p. 436
Acknowledgments	p. 440
References	p. 440
Substantia Nigra and Locus Coeruleus
Substantia Nigra	p. 451
Locus Coeruleus and Subcoeruleus	p. 458
References	p. 461
Lower Brain Stem Regulation of Visceral, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Function
Principles of Functional Neuroanatomical Organization in the Brain Stem	p. 465
Cardiovascular Function	p. 466
Respiratory Function	p. 470
Salivation, Swallowing, and Gastrointestinal Function, Nausea, and Vomiting	p. 473
Lewer Brain Stem Regulation of Vomiting	p. 475
Lower Brain Stem Regulation of Hypothalamohypophyseal Secretion	p. 475
Lower Brain Stem Regulation of Pelvic Viscera	p. 476
References	p. 477
Reticular Formation: Eye Movements, Gaze, and Blinks
Eye and Head Movements	p. 480
Eyelid and Blink	p. 497
References	p. 503
Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia and Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Cytoarchitecture of the Human Thalamus	p. 514
Filter Connections of the Hypothalamus	p. 524
Functional Organization of the Hypothalamus	p. 530
References	p. 542
Hypophysis
Anatomy of the Hypophysis	p. 551
Imaging of the Hypophysis	p. 553
Histology	p. 554
Ultrastructure	p. 556
References	p. 561
Circumventricular Organs
Subfornical Organ	p. 563
Vascular Organ of the Lamina Terminalis	p. 569
Median Eminence and Neurohypophysis	p. 573
Pineal Gland	p. 577
Subcommissural Organ	p. 580
Area Postrema	p. 581
Choroid Plexus	p. 585
References	p. 586
Thalamus
General Considerations	p. 592
Diencephalon	p. 595
Thalamus	p. 599
Isothalamus. Constitution, Architecture, and Function	p. 600
Regio Superior	p. 604
Regio Medialis	p. 608
Regio Posterior	p. 611
Regio Basalis	p. 614
Regio Geniculata	p. 619
Regio Lateralis	p. 620
Subregio Lateralis Arcuata. Nucleus Ventralis Arcuatus. VArc	p. 623
Subregio Caudalis. Lemniscal Territory	p. 624
Subregio Lateralis Intermedia. Cerebellar Territory	p. 626
Subregio Lateralis Oralis. Pallidal Territory	p. 630
Subregio Lateralis Rostralis. Nigral Territory	p. 635
Allothalamus. Involucrum	p. 647
Regio Centralis	p. 651
Thalamic Stereotaxy	p. 657
References	p. 660
The Basal Ganglia
Topography, Cytoarchitecture, and Basic Circuitry	p. 677
Functional Basal Ganglia Connections	p. 706
Functional Considerations	p. 715
Acknowledgments	p. 717
References	p. 719
Amygdala
Terminology	p. 739
Description	p. 741
Acknowledgments	p. 857
References	p. 860
Cortex
Hippocampal Formation
Gross Anatomical Features	p. 872
Cytoarchitectonic Organization of the Hippocampal Formation	p. 880
Hippocampal Connectivity	p. 891
Clinical Anatomy	p. 901
Functional Considerations--The Emergence Of Neuroimaging	p. 903
Acknowledgments	p. 906
References	p. 906
Cingulate Gyrus
Surface Morphology	p. 916
Regional Morphology: Four Fundamental Cingulate Subdivisions	p. 919
Functional Correlations of the Four Cingulate Regions	p. 920
Maps of Cingulate Areas	p. 923
Cytology of Cingulate Areas	p. 924
Comparison of the Brodmann Areas with Recent Modifications Thereof	p. 943
Cortical Differentiation in Posterior Cingulate Gyrus	p. 943
The Future for Cingulocentric Hypotheses and Research	p. 946
Dedication and Acknowledgments	p. 947
References	p. 947
The Frontal Cortex
Sulcal and Gyral Morphology of the Frontal Cortex	p. 951
Architechtonic Organization	p. 955
Corticocortical Connection Patterns	p. 963
Acknowledgments	p. 970
References	p. 971
Motor Cortex
Monkey Motor Cortex	p. 975
Human Motor Cortex	p. 985
Concluding Remarks	p. 992
Acknowledgments	p. 992
References	p. 992
Architecture of the Human Cerebral Cortex
Principal Subdivisions of the Cerebral Cortex	p. 997
Quantitative Aspects of the Cerebral Cortex	p. 998
Paleocortex	p. 1000
Archicortex	p. 1003
Isocortex	p. 1007
Cortical Maps of the Human Brain: Past, Present, Future	p. 1038
Acknowledgments	p. 1042
References	p. 1042
Systems
Somatosensory System
Receptor Types and Afferent Pathways	p. 1061
Relay Nuclei to Medulla and Upper Spinal Cord	p. 1069
Somatosensory Regions of the Midbrain	p. 1071
Somatosensory Thalamus	p. 1071
Anterior Parietal Cortex	p. 1074
Posterior Parietal Cortex	p. 1080
Somatosensory Cortex of the Medial Wall: The Supplementary Sensory Area and Cingulate Cortex	p. 1083
Somatosensory Cortex of the Lateral (Sylvian) Sulcus	p. 1084
Summary	p. 1085
References	p. 1086
Trigeminal Sensory System
Receptors and Their Innervation	p. 1094
Trigeminal Nerves, Ganglion, and Root	p. 1098
Brainstem Trigeminal Sensory Nuclei	p. 1101
Thalamic Sites for Trigeminal Somatic Sensations	p. 1109
Cranial Somatosensory Cortex	p. 1113
References	p. 1116
Pain System
Nociceptors	p. 1125
Pain Transmission Neurons and Pathways	p. 1137
Descending Pain Modulatory Systems	p. 1147
Pain Structures Involved in Pain Perception and Integration	p. 1150
Summary and Conclusions	p. 1157
References	p. 1158
Gustatory System
Gustatory Apparatus and peripheral Innervation	p. 1171
The Central Nervous System	p. 1173
Further Gustatory Processing	p. 1189
Summary	p. 1191
Acknowledgments	p. 1191
References	p. 1191
Olfaction
Olfactory Mucosa	p. 1198
Olfactory Bulb	p. 1200
Primary Olfactory Cortex	p. 1201
Olfactory Projections Beyond the Primary Olfactory Cortex	p. 1206
References	p. 1209
Vestibular System
Topography and Cytoarchitecture	p. 1213
Connections	p. 1221
Conclusion	p. 1233
Acknowledgments	p. 1233
References	p. 1233
Auditory System
The Cochlea and Cochlear Nerve	p. 1242
The Brain Stem Auditory System	p. 1251
The Forebrain Auditory System	p. 1264
The Descending Auditory System	p. 1271
References	p. 1274
Visual System
Central Visual Pathway	p. 1280
Primary Visual Cortex	p. 1286
Extrastriate Cortex	p. 1293
Acknowledgments	p. 1301
References	p. 1301
Emotional Motor System
Basic Motor System	p. 1306
Somatic Motor System	p. 1309
Emotional Motor System	p. 1312
Concluding Remarks	p. 1323
References	p. 1324
Cerebral Vascular System
Anatomy of Cerebral Blood Vessels	p. 1326
Anatomy of Spinal Cord Blood Vessels	p. 1339
Vascular Innervation	p. 1340
Mapping Cerebral Function with Blood Flow	p. 1341
Global Responses of the Cerebral Circulation	p. 1344
References	p. 1345
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