Hydrogen and Syngas Production and Purification Technologies
, by Liu, Ke; Song, Chunshan; Subramani, VeluNote: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780471719755 | 0471719757
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 1/7/2010
Hydrogen and Syngas Production and Purification Technologies discusses promising, more efficient directions in the energy industryfuel cells and hydrogen-based energy. This book covers the fundamentals of catalysis and proceeds to discuss applications in practical systems, including nuclear and gas power plants. Written by leading researchers and professionals, it is a practical reference for engineers working on fuel processing or fuel cell technologies in industry, NASA, and the military, as well as a great text for graduate courses in chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and chemistry.
Ke Liu, PhD, MBA, is the Principle Scientist and Project Leader of the Energy and Propulsion Technologies Division of GE Global Research Center, working on different technologies related to gasification, IGCC, syngas, and fuel conversion. Currently, he leads a team of engineers to develop the dry feeding technology for next-generation GE gasifier for high-moisture, low-rank coal and biomass gasification. Dr. Liu started his career at Exxon-Mobil and then UTC Fuel Cells, working on various fuel and H2 production technologies. He is not only a leading expert on energy, fuels, and gasification, but also an industrial leader who led many large RD projects funded by DOE and large U.S. energy corporation such as GE, Shell-UTC, and Exxon-Mobil. A recipient of numerous awards, including the 2006 National Emerald Honors Special Recognition Award, Dr. Liu has served as a board member and program chair of International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, a board member of the Energy Center of CalTech (PEER), and the associate editor of Energy and Fuels Journal. Chunshan Song, PhD, is a Professor of Fuel Science and Chemical Engineering and the Director of the EMS Energy Institute at Pennsylvania State University. A recipient of numerous awards, he has been extensively published, and his research on clean fuels and catalysis has been funded by government and industry. Also, Dr. Song has served as chair for the ACS Division of Petroleum Chemistry; chair for ACS Fuel Chemistry Division; and advisory board chair and program chair for International Pittsburgh Coal Conference. Velu Subramani, PhD, is a Research Scientist working for the BP Refining and Logistics Technology team. He has over fifteen years of research experience in heterogeneous catalysis for fine chemicals synthesis, energy production, and environmental protection. He is the recipient of research fellow-ships from Switzerland and the Science and Technology Agency (STA) of Japan. Dr. Subramani is the author of over fifty peer-reviewed articles in international journals and the author or co-author of several patents. He served as the program chair for the ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry.
Preface | p. xiii |
Contributors | p. xv |
Introduction to Hydrogen and Syngas Production and Purification Technologies | p. 1 |
Importance of Hydrogen and Syngas Production | p. 1 |
Principles of Syngas and Hydrogen Production | p. 4 |
Options for Hydrogen and Syngas Production | p. 6 |
Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells | p. 8 |
Fuel Processing for Fuel Cells | p. 9 |
Sulfur Removal | p. 10 |
CO2 Capture and Separation | p. 11 |
Scope of the Book | p. 11 |
Acknowledgments | p. 12 |
References | p. 12 |
Catalytic Steam Reforming Technology for the Production of Hydrogen and Syngas | p. 14 |
Introduction | p. 14 |
Steam Reforming of Light Hydrocarbons | p. 17 |
Steam Reforming of Natural Gas | p. 17 |
Steam Reforming of C2-C4 Hydrocarbons | p. 36 |
Steam Reforming of Liquid Hydrocarbons | p. 46 |
Chemistry | p. 46 |
Thermodynamics | p. 47 |
Catalyst | p. 52 |
Kinetics | p. 58 |
Mechanism | p. 61 |
Prereforming | p. 61 |
Steam Reforming of Alcohols | p. 65 |
Steam Reforming of Methanol (SRM) | p. 65 |
Steam Reforming of Ethanol (SRE) | p. 77 |
Carbon Formation and Catalyst Deactivation | p. 106 |
Recent Developments in Reforming Technologies | p. 109 |
Microreactor Reformer | p. 109 |
Plate Reformer | p. 110 |
Membrane Reformer | p. 110 |
Plasma Reforming (PR) | p. 112 |
Summary | p. 112 |
References | p. 112 |
Catalytic Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming | p. 127 |
Introduction | p. 127 |
Natural Gas Reforming Technologies: Fundamental Chemistry | p. 130 |
ATR | p. 130 |
Homogeneous POX | p. 132 |
CPO | p. 133 |
Development/Commercialization Status of ATR, POX, and CPO Reformers | p. 136 |
CPO Catalysts | p. 138 |
Nickel-Based CPO Catalysts | p. 138 |
Precious Metal CPO Catalysts | p. 142 |
CPO Mechanism and Kinetics | p. 146 |
Ni Catalyst Mechanism and Reactor Kinetics Modeling | p. 146 |
Precious Metal Catalyst Mechanism and Reactor Kinetics Modeling | p. 147 |
Start-Up and Shutdown Procedure of CPO | p. 149 |
CPO of Renewable Fuels | p. 150 |
Summary | p. 151 |
Acknowledgments | p. 151 |
References | p. 151 |
Coal Gasification | p. 156 |
Introduction to Gasification | p. 156 |
Coal Gasification History | p. 158 |
Coal Gasification Chemistry | p. 160 |
Pyrolysis Process | p. 161 |
Combustion of Volatiles | p. 163 |
Char Gasification Reactions | p. 164 |
Ash-Slag Chemistry | p. 166 |
Gasification Thermodynamics | p. 169 |
Gasification Kinetics | p. 173 |
Reaction Mechanisms and the Kinetics Boudouard Reaction | p. 174 |
Reaction Mechanisms and the Kinetics Reaction | p. 175 |
Classification of Different Gasifiers | p. 176 |
GE (Texaco) Gasification Technology with CWS Feeding | p. 178 |
Introduction to GE Gasification Technology | p. 178 |
GE Gasification Process | p. 179 |
Coal Requirements of the GE Gasifier | p. 184 |
Summary of GE Slurry Feeding Gasification Technology | p. 186 |
Shell Gasification Technology with Dry Feeding | p. 187 |
Introduction to Dry-Feeding Coal Gasification | p. 187 |
Shell Gasification Process | p. 189 |
Coal Requirements of Shell Gasification Process | p. 193 |
Summary of Dry-Feeding Shell Gasifier | p. 194 |
Other Gasification Technologies | p. 195 |
GSP Gasification Technology | p. 195 |
East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST) Gasifier | p. 198 |
TPRI Gasifier | p. 199 |
Fluidized-Bed Gasifiers | p. 199 |
ConocoPhillips Gasifier | p. 202 |
Moving-Bed and Fixed-Bed Gasifiers: Lurgi's Gasification Technology | p. 203 |
Summary of Different Gasification Technologies | p. 205 |
Challenges in Gasification Technology: Some Examples | p. 206 |
High AFT Coals | p. 206 |
Increasing the Coal Concentration in the CWS | p. 207 |
Improved Performance and Life of Gasifier Nozzles | p. 208 |
Gasifier Refractory Brick Life | p. 208 |
Gasifier Scale-Up | p. 209 |
Syngas Cleanup | p. 210 |
Integration of Coal Gasification with Coal Polygeneration Systems | p. 215 |
References | p. 216 |
Desulfurization Technologies | p. 219 |
Challenges in Deep Desulfurization for Hydrocarbon Fuel Processing and Fuel Cell Applications | p. 219 |
HDS Technology | p. 225 |
Natural Gas | p. 225 |
Gasoline | p. 226 |
Diesel | p. 233 |
Adsorptive Desulfurization | p. 243 |
Natural Gas | p. 244 |
Gasoline | p. 246 |
Jet Fuel | p. 256 |
Diesel | p. 258 |
Post-Reformer Desulfurization: H2S Sorption | p. 264 |
H2S Sorbents | p. 265 |
H2S Adsorption Thermodynamics | p. 268 |
Desulfurization of Coal Gasification Gas | p. 272 |
Absorption by Solvents | p. 275 |
Hot and Warm Gas Cleanup | p. 291 |
ODS | p. 293 |
Natural Gas | p. 293 |
Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels | p. 295 |
Summary | p. 298 |
References | p. 300 |
Water-Gas Shift Technologies | p. 311 |
Introduction | p. 311 |
Thermodynamic Considerations | p. 312 |
Industrial Processes and Catalysts | p. 313 |
Ferrochrome Catalyst for HTS Reaction | p. 313 |
CuZn Catalysts for LTS Reaction | p. 314 |
CoMo Catalyst for LTS Reaction | p. 314 |
Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics | p. 315 |
Ferrochrome Catalyst | p. 315 |
CuZn-Based Catalyst | p. 317 |
CoMo Catalyst | p. 317 |
Catalyst Improvements and New Classes of Catalysts | p. 318 |
Improvements to the Cu- and Fe-Based Catalysts | p. 318 |
New Reaction Technologies | p. 319 |
New Classes of Catalysts | p. 321 |
References | p. 326 |
Removal of Trace Contaminants from Fuel Processing Reformate: Preferential Oxidation (Prox) | p. 329 |
Introduction | p. 329 |
Reactions of Prox | p. 331 |
General Prox Reactor Performance | p. 333 |
Multiple Steady-State Operation | p. 337 |
Water-Oxygen Synergy | p. 339 |
Catalysts Formulations | p. 342 |
Reactor Geometries | p. 344 |
Monolithic Reactors | p. 345 |
SCT Reactors | p. 346 |
Microchannel Reactors | p. 349 |
MEMS-Based Reactors | p. 350 |
Commercial Units | p. 352 |
Acknowledgments | p. 353 |
References | p. 353 |
Hydrogen Membrane Technologies and Application in Fuel Processing | p. 357 |
Introduction | p. 357 |
Fundamentals of Membrane-Based Separations | p. 358 |
Membrane Purification for Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cell Applications | p. 363 |
Product Hydrogen Purity | p. 365 |
Process Scale | p. 367 |
Energy Efficiency | p. 368 |
Membrane Modules for Hydrogen Separation and Purification | p. 369 |
Dense Metal Membranes | p. 372 |
Metal Membrane Durability and Selectivity | p. 375 |
Integration of Reforming and Membrane-Based Purification | p. 378 |
Commercialization Activities | p. 380 |
References | p. 383 |
CO2-Selective Membranes for Hydrogen Fuel Processing | p. 385 |
Introduction | p. 385 |
Synthesis of Novel CO2-Selective Membranes | p. 388 |
Model Description | p. 389 |
Results and Discussion | p. 391 |
Transport Properties of CO2-Selective Membrane | p. 391 |
Modeling Predictions | p. 400 |
Conclusions | p. 408 |
Glossary | p. 410 |
Acknowledgments | p. 410 |
References | p. 411 |
Pressure Swing Adsorption Technology for Hydrogen Production | p. 414 |
Introduction | p. 414 |
PSA Processes for Hydrogen Purification | p. 418 |
PSA Processes for Production of Hydrogen Only | p. 418 |
Process for Coproduction of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide | p. 422 |
Processes for the Production of Ammonia Synthesis Gas | p. 425 |
Adsorbents for Hydrogen PSA Processes | p. 426 |
Adsorbents for Bulk CO2 Removal | p. 427 |
Adsorbents for Dilute CO and N2 Removal | p. 429 |
Adsorbents for Dilute CH4 Removal | p. 432 |
Adsorbents for C1-C4 Hydrocarbon Removal | p. 432 |
Other Adsorbent and Related Improvements in the H2 PSA | p. 434 |
Future Trends for Hydrogen PSA | p. 435 |
RPSA Cycles for Hydrogen Purification | p. 436 |
Structured Adsorbents | p. 438 |
Sorption-Enhanced Reaction Process (SERP) for H2 Production | p. 439 |
PSA Process Reliability | p. 441 |
Improved Hydrogen Recovery by PSA Processes | p. 441 |
Integration with Additional PSA System | p. 441 |
Hybrid PSA-Adsorbent Membrane System | p. 442 |
Engineering Process Design | p. 444 |
Summary | p. 447 |
References | p. 447 |
Integration of H2/Syngas Production Technologies with Future Energy Systems | p. 451 |
Overview of Future Energy Systems and Challenges | p. 451 |
Application of Reforming-Based Syngas Technology | p. 454 |
NGCC Plants | p. 454 |
Integration of H2/Syngas Production Technologies in NGCC Plants | p. 455 |
Application of Gasification-Based Syngas Technology | p. 465 |
IGCC Plant | p. 468 |
Application of H2/Syngas Generation Technology to Liquid Fuels | p. 477 |
Coal-to-H2 Process Description | p. 479 |
Coal-to-Hydrogen System Performance and Economics | p. 481 |
Summary | p. 483 |
References | p. 483 |
Coal and Syngas to Liquids | p. 486 |
Overview and History of Coal to Liquids (CTL) | p. 486 |
Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCTL) | p. 488 |
DCTL Process | p. 488 |
The Kohleoel Process | p. 490 |
NEDOL (NEDO Liquefaction) Process | p. 491 |
The HTI-Coal Process | p. 494 |
Other Single-Stage Processes | p. 495 |
Indirect Coal to Liquid (ICTL) | p. 496 |
Introduction | p. 496 |
FT Synthesis | p. 498 |
Mobil Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) | p. 510 |
SMDS | p. 511 |
Hybrid Coal Liquefaction | p. 512 |
Coal to Methanol | p. 513 |
Introduction of Methanol Synthesis | p. 513 |
Methanol Synthesis Catalysts | p. 514 |
Methanol Synthesis Reactor Systems | p. 514 |
Liquid-Phase Methanol (LPMEOHÖ) Process | p. 516 |
Coal to Dimethyl Ether (DME) | p. 519 |
References | p. 520 |
Index | p. 522 |
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