Improving Intergroup Relations

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ISBN: 9780761920236 | 0761920234
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/27/2001

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This book is intended both as supplementary reading for courses and as a practical guidebook for individuals and programs interested in reducing prejudice and improving intergroup relations. It provides the only comprehensive review and compilation of techniques of improving intergroup relations. There's a huge amount of literature on the causes and nature of prejudice, reflecting great interest in the topic, but the literature on prejudice reduction is more scattered, spread across a range of theoretical and applied sources. This book brings these literatures together with an emphasis on helping to elucidate what works and why.

Preface

xiii

A Brief History of Intergroup Relations

(18)

Goals and Content of This Book

(2)

Historical Overview of Intergroup Relations in the United States

(10)

What Lies Ahead

(3)

Conceptualizing Intergroup Relations Training Programs

(1)

Summary

(2)

Intergroup Relations Theories and Concepts

(28)

Contact

(5)

A Revised Contact Theory

(2)

Using Contact to Improve Intergroup Relations

(1)

Societal Factors

(1)

Situational Factors

(1)

Person Factors

(1)

Prejudice

(10)

Prejudice Defined

(1)

Old-Fashioned and Modern Prejudice

(1)

Modern Theories of Prejudice

(1)

Ambivalence-Amplification

(1)

Aversive Racism

(1)

Symbolic Racism

(1)

Compunction

(1)

Other Theories of Prejudice

(1)

Realistic Group Conflict

(1)

Integrated Threat

(1)

Social Dominance

(1)

Social Identity

(1)

Prejudice Reduction Processes

(1)

Making Value-Behavior Discrepancies Explicit

(1)

Reducing Threat

(1)

Increasing Perceptions of Similarity Among Groups

(1)

Creating Superordinate Groups

(1)

Decategorization by Emphasizing Multiple Identities

(1)

Reinforcing and Modeling Positive Behaviors

(1)

Modifying Associations Between Cognitions and Affect

(1)

Using Dissonance to Create Attitude Change

(1)

Creating Empathy

(1)

Correcting Misattributions

(1)

Stereotypes

(5)

Stereotypes Defined

(1)

Origins of Stereotypes

(1)

Stereotype Activation and Maintenance

(1)

Stereotyping Reduction Processes

(1)

Creating Superordinate Groups and Emphasizing Multiple Identities

(1)

Counteracting Expectancies

(1)

Using Self-Regulation

(1)

Correcting Misattributions

(1)

Differentiating the Outgroup

(1)

Discriminatory Behavior

(2)

The Theory of Reasoned Action

(1)

Changing Discriminatory Behavior

(1)

Modifying Attitudes About Outcomes and Altering Perceptions of Subjective Norms

(1)

Dimensions on Which These Psychological Processes Differ

(2)

Summary

(3)

Multicultural Education Introduction

(28)

Goals of Multicultural Education

(1)

The Controversy Surrounding Multicultural Education

(2)

The Content and Techniques of Multicultural Education

(4)

Studies of the Effects of Multicultural Education Programs

(8)

Longer Programs

(4)

Short-Term Studies

(2)

Overall Evaluation of Research on Multicultural Education

(2)

Psychological Processes Underlying Multicultural Education

(5)

Processes Employed in Segregated Settings

(2)

Processes Employed in Integrated Settings

(2)

Problems and Recommendations

(5)

Summary

(2)

Diversity Initiatives in the Workplace

(28)

Diversity Initiatives

(8)

Managing Diversity

(2)

Valuing Diversity

(1)

Diversity Training Programs

(2)

Types of Diversity Training Programs

(3)

Research on the Effectiveness of Diversity Training Programs

(5)

Psychological Processes Underlying Diversity Initiatives

(3)

Processes Related to Managing Diversity

(1)

Processes Related to valuing Diversity

(1)

Diversity Training Programs

(1)

Problems and Recommendations

(7)

Resistance to Diversity Initiatives

(2)

Planning Diversity Initiatives

(2)

Training Issues

(2)

Evaluating Diversity Training Programs

(1)

Summary

100

(3)

Intergroup Dialogues

103

(26)

Types of Intergroup Dialogues

104

(10)

Intergroup Dialogues in Educational Settings

104

(4)

Intergroup Dialogues in Community Settings

108

(1)

Problem-Solving Workshops

109

(5)

Research on the Effectiveness of Dialogue Groups

114

(3)

Psychological Processes Underlying Dialogue Groups

117

(4)

Problems and Recommendations

121

(6)

Summary

127

(2)

Intercultural Training Programs

129

(26)

Designing Intercultural Training

133

(4)

What Are the Components of Intercultural Effectiveness?

133

(1)

Should Theory Guide Intercultural Training?

134

(1)

Culture Theory

134

(1)

Intergroup Anxiety

135

(2)

Intercultural Training Techniques

137

(12)

Lectures and Discussions

137

(2)

Language Training

139

(1)

The Cultural Sensitizer

140

(3)

Critical Incidents

143

(1)

Experiential Techniques

144

(1)

Simulation Games

145

(1)

Role-playing

146

(1)

Cultural Simulations and In-Country Training Programs

147

(1)

Other Experiential Techniques

148

(1)

Summary of Research Findings on Intercultural Training Techniques

149

(1)

Psychological Processes Underlying Intercultural Training

150

(2)

Problems and Recommendations

152

(2)

Summary

154

(1)

Cooperative Learning Groups

155

(26)

Major Cooperative Learning Programs

157

(12)

The Slavin Techniques

158

(2)

The Johnsons' Learning Together Technique

160

(2)

The Jigsaw Classroom

162

(1)

Group Investigation

163

(2)

Complex Instruction

165

(4)

Summary of Research Findings for Cooperative Learning Techniques

169

(5)

Intergroup Relations Measures

169

(1)

Personality and Social Skills Measures

170

(1)

Intergroup Relations Findings: A Summary

170

(1)

Achievement Measures

171

(2)

A Focus on Racial and Ethnic Minorities

173

(1)

Psychological Processes Underlying Cooperative Learning

174

(3)

Problems and Recommendations

177

(1)

Summary

178

(3)

Conflict Resolution Programs

181

(28)

Types of Conflict Resolution Programs

183

(4)

Community-Based Conflict Resolution Programs

183

(1)

Mediation

183

(2)

Third-Party Consultation

185

(1)

The Town Meeting

186

(1)

Conflict Containment

187

(1)

Conflict Resolution Programs in Organizational Settings

187

(7)

Mediation

188

(1)

Positive Bargaining Models

189

(1)

Third-Party Consultation

190

(1)

School-Based Conflict Resolution Programs

191

(3)

Summary of Research Findings on Conflict Resolution Programs

194

(5)

Research in Community and Organizational Settings

195

(1)

Research on Mediation

195

(1)

Research on Negotiation

195

(1)

Research on Other Conflict Resolution Techniques in Community and Organizational Settings

196

(1)

School-Based Peer Mediation Programs

197

(2)

Psychological Processes Underlying Conflict Resolution

199

(2)

Problems and Recommendations

201

(2)

Interethnic Conflict Resolution: Special Concerns

203

(3)

Summary

206

(3)

Moral and Values Education Programs

209

(28)

Major Approaches to Moral and Values Education

211

(19)

Caring Models of Antiprejudice

212

(3)

Facing History and Ourselves

215

(2)

Kohlberg's Just Community Concept

217

(2)

The Berkeley Model

219

(1)

Moral Discourse

220

(2)

Personality Development Programs

222

(1)

Interpersonal Sensitivity and Respect Programs

223

(1)

Values Clarification and Education Programs

224

(2)

Norm Transmission and Character Education Programs

226

(2)

Summary of Research Findings on Moral and Values Education

228

(2)

Psychological Processes Underlying Moral and Values Education

230

(2)

Problems and Recommendations

232

(2)

Summary

234

(3)

Evaluating Intergroup Relations Programs

237

(26)

Qualitative Techniques

238

(1)

Postprogram Surveys

239

(6)

Nonsystematic Observation

240

(2)

Focus Groups

242

(1)

Systematic Observation

243

(2)

Content Analyses

245

(1)

Quantitative Techniques

245

(9)

Pretest and Posttest

246

(2)

Posttest Only With Control Group

248

(2)

Pretest and Posttest With Control Group

250

(2)

Mediational Analyses

252

(1)

Statistical Analyses

253

(1)

Creating Measures

254

(4)

Unobtrusive Measures

258

(1)

Comparative Studies

259

(1)

Publication

259

(1)

Summary

260

(3)

Conclusions

263

(24)

Programs to Improve Intergroup Relations

263

(5)

Multicultural Education Programs

264

(1)

Diversity Training Programs

264

(1)

Intergroup Dialogues

265

(1)

Intercultural Training Programs

266

(1)

Cooperative Learning Groups

266

(1)

Conflict Resolution Training

267

(1)

Moral Education Programs

267

(1)

Intergroup Relations Programs: Assessment and Critique

268

(3)

Psychological Processes Underlying Intergroup Relations Programs

271

(5)

Psychological Processes in Interactive Programs

271

(4)

Psychological Processes in Didactic Programs

275

(1)

Recommendations for Intergroup Relations Programs

276

(4)

In the Beginning

276

(1)

Program Contents

277

(1)

Conducting Effective Programs

278

(1)

Issues for Trainers

279

(1)

Basic Design Issues

280

(3)

Conclusion

283

(4)

Resource Literature

287

(4)

References

291

(30)

Author Index

321

(12)

Subject Index

333

(12)

About the Authors

345

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Improving Intergroup Relations

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials