India's Silent Revolution

Since the 1960s a new assertiveness has characterized India's formerly silent majority, the lower castes that comprise more than two-thirds of the population. Today India's most populous state, Uttar Pradesh, is controlled by lower-caste politicians, as is Bihar, and lower-caste representation in national politics is growing inexorably. Jaffrelot argues that this trend constitutes a genuine "democratization" of India and that the social and economic effects of this "silent revolution" are bound to multiply in the years to come.

Christophe Jaffrelot is director of the Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales (CERI), part of the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques in Paris

Acknowledgements

v

Introduction

1

(10)

The North-South opposition

5

(1)

The two ages of democracy in India

6

(5)

Part I. CONGRESS IN POWER OR INDIA AS A CONSERVATIVE DEMOCRACY

11

(133)

1. The Gandhian sources of Congress conservatism

13

(35)

Reformism and social organicism in Gandhi's thought

14

(5)

The conflict between Gandhi and Ambedkar

19

(6)

The conservative influence of Gandhi on the Congress in North India

25

(6)

Congress and social transformation: an empty discourse?

31

(1)

The thwarting of land reform: the case of Uttar Pradesh

32

(13)

The problem of planning and the agricultural cooperatives

45

(3)

2. The Congress: party of the intelligentsia, or party of the notables?

48

(41)

The Congress intelligentsia - unevenly progressive

52

(12)

Congress 'Vote Banks' politics

64

(25)

3. The Congress Party and the Scheduled Castes: reservations and co-option

89

(26)

The reservation policy: the smokescreen of the egalitarian discourse

91

(11)

What party for the Scheduled Castes?

102

(13)

4. Indira Gandhi, the populist repertoire and the aborted reform of Congress

115

(29)

Towards a new Congress?

116

(15)

How to transform Congress into a cadre-based party?

131

(5)

The Emergency: suspending democracy, a condition for social reforms?

136

(8)

Part II. THE UNEVEN EMANCIPATION OF THE LOWER CASTES: NON-BRAHMINS IN THE SOUTH, OBC’s IN THE NORTH

144

(110)

5. Caste transformations in the South and West: ethnicisation and positive discrimination

147 147

(38)

The non-Brahmin movement in Maharashtra: an ideology of empowerment

153

(13)

From non-Brahminism to Dravidianism in Tamil Nadu

166

(6)

The Non-Brahmin as a bureaucratic creation: the quest for empowerment

172

(8)

Caste federations: the case of Gujarat

180

(5)

6. Were there Low Caste movements in North India?

185

(29)

The Kayasths as Chandraguptas

185

(2)

Sanskritisation and Division among Yadavs and Kurmis

187

(12)

The North Indian Untouchables, Sanskritisation and bhakti

199

(15)

7. Caste as the building block of the 'Other Backward Classes': the impact of reservations

214

(40)

How to discriminate positively? The constitutional debate

215

(6)

The first 'Backward Classes' Commission or the partial concealment of caste

221

(8)

The AIBCF and the quotas: an ephemeral low-castes front

229

(8)

Reservation policies: the North-South contrast

237

(17)

Part III. QUOTA POLITICS AND KISAN POLITICS: COMPLEMENTARITY AND COMPETITION

254

(172)

8. The Socialists as defenders of the Lower Castes, Jat politicians as advocates of the peasants

254

(51)

The Socialists and the Low Castes

256

(15)

Kisan politics and the mobilisation of the Jat farmers

271

(18)

Charan Singh's marginalisation within the Uttar Pradesh Congress

289

(16)

9. The quest for power and the first Janata Government

305

(30)

The BLD: a joint venture

305

(4)

The Janata experiment

309

(11)

The Mandal Commission: the reservation issue revisited at the Centre

320

(4)

When the North lags behind- reservation policies outside the Hindi Belt in the 1980's

324

(3)

The Lok Dal fighting for Mandal

327

(8)

10. The Janata Dal and the rise to power of the Low Castes

335

(52)

Quota politics takes over

335

(8)

Caste polarization around Mandal

343

(6)

The electoral fallout of the Mandal affair

349

(3)

Geographical unevenness

352

(11)

Are the OBC’s a social and political category?

363

(24)

11. The renewal of Dalit politics: The B.S.P. party of the Bahujans?

387

(39)

Kanshi Ram and the Bahujan Samaj: from interest group - to political force

388

(8)

Towards a bahujan' front?

396

(13)

Using Ladders to Attain power... and Consolidating the Dalit vote bank

409

(17)

Part IV: THE UPPER CASTES' POLITICAL DOMINATION ON TRIAL: THE CONGRESS(I), THE BJP AND MANDAL

426

12. The Congress(I) and the 'Coalition of Extremes' revisited

427

(26)

The end of a catch-all party

428

(7)

The Congress accommodating strategy in Madhya Pradesh: a new version of the 'Coalition of Extremes' pattern

435

(18)

13. The Hindu Nationalist division of labour: Sewa Bharti and the BJP between Sanskritisation and 'social engineering'

453

The welfarist strategy of Sewa Bharti

454

(8)

The BJP from Sanskritisation to graded 'social engineering'

462

14. Conclusion 492 Select Bibliography 497 Index 501

0199243573

List of Figures

x

List of Tables

xi

I. EUROPEAN CITIES WITHIN EUROPEAN SOCIETIES

1. Introduction 3

2. The Long History of the European City 31

II. A 'HISTORICAL INTERLUDE FOR EUROPEAN CITIES'?

3. The Loosening Grip of the State and the Redistribution of Authority Within the European Union: A New Set of Parameters to Structure Modes of Urban Governance

75

(37)

4. European Cities: A More Diverse but Robust Social Structure Within Eroding National Societies

112

(35)

5. Cities and Capitalism: Are European Cities Likely to Dissolve in the Networks of Globalized Capitalism?

147

(36)

III. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ACTORS WITHIN EUROPEAN CITIES AND THE MAKING OF URBAN MODES OF GOVERNANCE

6. Cities as Incomplete Societies: Actors and Regulations

183

(44)

7. Dynamic Mayors and Restructured City Councils

227

(33)

8. Conclusion

260

(17)

Bibliography

277

(39)

Index

316

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